Path-Vascular

Question 1

clinical sx of vascular dz

Answer 1

asymptomatic, bleeding, or ischemia

Question 2

4 causes of esophageal bleeding

Answer 2

varices, mallory weiss tear, esophagitis, esophageal cancer

Question 3

varices are blood backup within _______

Answer 3

submucosal veins

Question 4

when increased intra-esophageal pressure leads to laceration of the esophageal mucosa/wall

Answer 4

mallory-weiss tear, boerhaave syndrome (both due to severe retching)

Question 5

3 causes of stomach bleeding

Answer 5

PUD, gastric cancer, acute hemorrhagic gastritis (small petechial hemorrhages usually)

Question 6

4 causes of small bowel ischemia/bleeding

Answer 6

ischemic bowel dz, meckel’s diverticulum, intussusception, volvulus

Question 7

occlusive ischemic bowel disease occurs secondary to ? and is more common in (arteries/veins), (SMA/IMA), (young/old)

Answer 7

atherosclerosis, embolus, mechanical; arteries; SMA; old

Question 8

non-occlusive ischemic bowel dz is due to?

Answer 8

hypotension, hypovolemia

Question 9

clinical presentation of ischemic bowel dz

Answer 9

PAIN +/- lower GI bleeding

Question 10

histopathologic changes seen in ischemic bowel dz

Answer 10

coagulative necrosis that is more severe on surface than base; distended submucosal veins; RBC extravasation (leaky vessels)

Question 11

etiology of Meckel’s diverticulum

Answer 11

congenital retention of vitelline duct (to yolk sac)

Question 12

pathogenesis of Meckel’s diverticulum

Answer 12

MAY harbor ectopic gastric mucosa or pancreatic tissue that degrades adjacent small bowel mucosa, leading to ulceration and bleeding

Question 13

who get’s Meckel’s and when? (think 2’s)

Answer 13

2% of population, much more men, sx by age 2

Question 14

gross pathology of Meckel’s (more 2’s)

Answer 14

2cm long diverticulum located within 2 feet of ileocecal valve (in ileum)

Question 15

6 causes of large bowel ischemia/bleeding

Answer 15

angiodysplasia, hemorrhoids, ischemic colitis, colorectal carcinoma, IBD, diverticular dz

Question 16

angiodysplasia is usually (congenital/acquired) and is most common in the?

Answer 16

acquired; elderly

Question 17

etiology and pathogenesis of angiodysplasia

Answer 17

arteriovenous malformation results in lack of capillaries, thin and distended vascular walls that are prone to rupture

Question 18

most common location of angiodysplasia

Answer 18

cecum, right colon

Question 19

etiologies of hemorrhoids

Answer 19

pregnancy, constipation, hereditary disposition

Question 20

histopath of hemorrhoids

Answer 20

dilated submocal veins +/- thrombosis (not bleeding like in varices)

Question 21

kaposi’s sarcoma is caused by the ____ virus, and results in (benign/malignant) growth of _____ cells

Answer 21

HHV8; malignant; endothelial (spindle)