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NBDE Part 1 > Path: Endocrine, GI > Flashcards

Path: Endocrine, GI Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: 90% of Type 1 diabetics have an HLA association.

A

True

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2
Q

What is the HbA1C level (levels over 3 months) that means you have diabetes mellitus?

A

6.5%

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3
Q

T/F: Beta cells are impaired in type 2 diabetes mellitis.

A

False

Type 1

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4
Q

T/F: Diabetic ketoacidosis is most common in Type 1 diabetes.

A

True

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5
Q

T/F: Type 1 diabetics will gain weight.

A

False

Lose weight

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6
Q

T/F: Type 1 diabetes mellitis has a strong genetic predisposition.

A

False

Type 2

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7
Q

What should a fasting glucose level be?

A

Less than 126

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8
Q

T/F: Patients with diabetes insipidus have normal glucose levels.

A

True

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9
Q

What is impaired in patients with diabetes insipidus?

A

ADH production

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10
Q

What are the hallmark endocrine levels of patients with hypothyroidism?

A

High TSH

Low T4

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11
Q

TSH is made in the _______.

A

anterior pituitary

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12
Q

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A

Weight gain, cold intolerance, puffiness

Middle age females

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13
Q

What diseases can be associated with hypothyroidism?

A

Cretinism (kids), Myxedema (adults), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A

Weight loss, heat intolerance, increased energy

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15
Q

What dental effect can hyperthyroidism have on kids?

A

Premature eruption and loss of deciduous dentition

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16
Q

What will be the hallmark endocrine levels for hyperthyroidism?

A

Decreased TSH

Increased T4

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17
Q

What disease causes the majority of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease - causes goiter

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18
Q

When could you have hyperthyroidism with elevated TSH and T4 levels?

A

TSH-secreting Pituitary tumor

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19
Q

What is the role of parathyroid hormone?

A

Increase blood calcium

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20
Q

What are some symptoms of a patient with hyperparathyroidism?

A
  1. Weak bones

2. Kidney stones

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21
Q

What are some symptoms of a patient with hypoparathyroidism?

A
  1. Tetany
  2. Muscle cramps
  3. Convulsions
  4. Mental changes
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22
Q

Which disease results in atrophy of the adrenal gland and low cortisol levels?

A

Addison’s disease

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23
Q

T/F: Patients with secondary Addison’s disease will have increased skin and oral pigmentation.

A

False

Secondary is due to less ACTH from pituitary

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24
Q

What is the treatment for Addison’s disease?

A

Exogenous cortisol

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25
Q

What is the difference between Cushing’s syndrome and Cushing’s disease?

A

Cushing’s disease is due to too much ACTH from pituitary - will cause hyperpigmentation

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26
Q

What are some symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

A

Fat deposits, moon face, poor wound healing

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27
Q

What are the labs often seen with acute renal failure?

A

Low GFR, high BUN (urea, nitrogen), high creatinine

ALL BAD

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28
Q

What are the two biggest causes of chronic renal failure?

A

Diabetes and hypertension

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29
Q

T/F: Nephritic syndrome results in elevated protein (>3.5) in the urine.

A

False

Nephrotic!
NephrO = excess prO

30
Q

What disease is most often caused by E. coli from a UTI?

A

Pyelonephritis

31
Q

What is the most common bacterial STD in the U.S.?

A

Chlamydia

32
Q

What is the most common viral STD in the U.S.?

A

HPV

33
Q

What is the treatment for Chlamydia? What must be added for ghonerhea?

A

Chlamydia: azithromycin or doxycyclin

Ghonerhea: add cephtrioxone

34
Q

What type of bacteria causes Syphilis?

A

Spirchete: Treponema Pallidum

35
Q

What are the three areas of syphilis?

A
  1. Sore at initial infection
  2. Flu like
  3. CNS involvment
36
Q

T/F: BPH is a premalignant enlargement of the prostate.

A

False

37
Q

T/F: BPH results in hyperplasia at the periphery of the gland.

A

False

BPH: center of gland

Adenocarcinom: periphery of gland

38
Q

T/F: Alpha-blockers can help treat BPH.

A

True

39
Q

What are two lab indications of prostate cancer?

A
  1. Elevated PSA

2. Elevated serum acid phosphatase

40
Q

Where is the most common metastasis from prostate adenocarcinoma?

A

Bone

41
Q

Defects in which genes can lead to breast cancer?

A

BRCA 1 or 2

42
Q

What is the common cause of spina bifida?

A

Folic acid deficiency

43
Q

What is a common cause of toxoplasmosis?

A

Cat poop

44
Q

What are the two major causes of peptic ulcers?

A
  1. H. pylori

2. Chronic NSAID use

45
Q

What happens during Barret’s esophagus?

A

Change from squamous cell -> columnar

Metaplasia

46
Q

Which type of cancer can be caused by Barrett’s esophogus?

A

Adenocarcinoma

47
Q

Which inflammatory bowel disease has SKIP lesions?

A

Crohn’s

48
Q

_______ is only in the colon/rectum and has continuous lesions.

A

Ulcerative colitis

49
Q

T/F: Crohn’s involves cobblestone lesions.

A

True

50
Q

What is the leading cause of cancer in men?

A

Prostate

2nd leading for deaths

51
Q

What is the leading cause of cancer in women?

A

Breast

2nd leading for deaths

52
Q

T/F: Colon cancer is the third most common in both men and women.

A

True

Also third in deaths

53
Q

Which cancer causes the most deaths?

A

Lung cancer

54
Q

Which diseases increase the risk for colon cancer?

A

Familial polyptosis/Gardner’s

55
Q

What disease does not allow Cu to get into circulation and will result in accumulation of of Cu in the liver, brain, and cornea?

A

Wilson’s disease

56
Q

What enzymes are increased with hepatitis?

A

transaminases (AST/ALT)

57
Q

Which viruses is the most common cause of liver transplant in the U.S.?

A

Hep C

58
Q

Which enzyme will be higher in viral hepatitis?

A

Viral: ALT>AST
Alcoholic: AST>ALT

59
Q

Which Hepatitis viruses have vaccines?

A

A, B, and D

C and E = no vaccine

60
Q

Which hepatitis viruses are blood-born?

A

B, C, D

A and E = fecal-oral

61
Q

T/F: All hep viruses are ssRNA.

A

False

Hep B is dsDNA

62
Q

Which hepatitis virus causes increased risk for chronic disease, cirrhosis, and HCC?

A

Hep B and C

Mostly Hep C!

63
Q

T/F: In order for Hep D to infect the patient must have Hep B.

A

True

64
Q

What is the third most common cause of death in middle aged people?

A

Liver cirrhosis

65
Q

T/F: Cirrhosis will cause a build up of urea.

A

True

66
Q

What is often the first sign of cirrhosis and portal hypertension?

A

Hematomesis and bleeding for esophageal varices

67
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

Build up of bilirubin in blood

68
Q

What is cholelithiases?

A

Gall stones

69
Q

How can gall stones be diagnoses?

A

Murphy’s sign

70
Q

Which enzymes will be elevated in pancreatitis?

A

Lipase and amylase

NBDE Part 1 (31 decks)

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