Path: Endocrine, GI Flashcards
T/F: 90% of Type 1 diabetics have an HLA association.
True
What is the HbA1C level (levels over 3 months) that means you have diabetes mellitus?
6.5%
T/F: Beta cells are impaired in type 2 diabetes mellitis.
False
Type 1
T/F: Diabetic ketoacidosis is most common in Type 1 diabetes.
True
T/F: Type 1 diabetics will gain weight.
False
Lose weight
T/F: Type 1 diabetes mellitis has a strong genetic predisposition.
False
Type 2
What should a fasting glucose level be?
Less than 126
T/F: Patients with diabetes insipidus have normal glucose levels.
True
What is impaired in patients with diabetes insipidus?
ADH production
What are the hallmark endocrine levels of patients with hypothyroidism?
High TSH
Low T4
TSH is made in the _______.
anterior pituitary
What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?
Weight gain, cold intolerance, puffiness
Middle age females
What diseases can be associated with hypothyroidism?
Cretinism (kids), Myxedema (adults), Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?
Weight loss, heat intolerance, increased energy
What dental effect can hyperthyroidism have on kids?
Premature eruption and loss of deciduous dentition
What will be the hallmark endocrine levels for hyperthyroidism?
Decreased TSH
Increased T4
What disease causes the majority of hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease - causes goiter
When could you have hyperthyroidism with elevated TSH and T4 levels?
TSH-secreting Pituitary tumor
What is the role of parathyroid hormone?
Increase blood calcium
What are some symptoms of a patient with hyperparathyroidism?
- Weak bones
2. Kidney stones
What are some symptoms of a patient with hypoparathyroidism?
- Tetany
- Muscle cramps
- Convulsions
- Mental changes
Which disease results in atrophy of the adrenal gland and low cortisol levels?
Addison’s disease
T/F: Patients with secondary Addison’s disease will have increased skin and oral pigmentation.
False
Secondary is due to less ACTH from pituitary
What is the treatment for Addison’s disease?
Exogenous cortisol
What is the difference between Cushing’s syndrome and Cushing’s disease?
Cushing’s disease is due to too much ACTH from pituitary - will cause hyperpigmentation
What are some symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?
Fat deposits, moon face, poor wound healing
What are the labs often seen with acute renal failure?
Low GFR, high BUN (urea, nitrogen), high creatinine
ALL BAD
What are the two biggest causes of chronic renal failure?
Diabetes and hypertension
T/F: Nephritic syndrome results in elevated protein (>3.5) in the urine.
False
Nephrotic!
NephrO = excess prO
What disease is most often caused by E. coli from a UTI?
Pyelonephritis
What is the most common bacterial STD in the U.S.?
Chlamydia
What is the most common viral STD in the U.S.?
HPV
What is the treatment for Chlamydia? What must be added for ghonerhea?
Chlamydia: azithromycin or doxycyclin
Ghonerhea: add cephtrioxone
What type of bacteria causes Syphilis?
Spirchete: Treponema Pallidum
What are the three areas of syphilis?
- Sore at initial infection
- Flu like
- CNS involvment
T/F: BPH is a premalignant enlargement of the prostate.
False
T/F: BPH results in hyperplasia at the periphery of the gland.
False
BPH: center of gland
Adenocarcinom: periphery of gland
T/F: Alpha-blockers can help treat BPH.
True
What are two lab indications of prostate cancer?
- Elevated PSA
2. Elevated serum acid phosphatase
Where is the most common metastasis from prostate adenocarcinoma?
Bone
Defects in which genes can lead to breast cancer?
BRCA 1 or 2
What is the common cause of spina bifida?
Folic acid deficiency
What is a common cause of toxoplasmosis?
Cat poop
What are the two major causes of peptic ulcers?
- H. pylori
2. Chronic NSAID use
What happens during Barret’s esophagus?
Change from squamous cell -> columnar
Metaplasia
Which type of cancer can be caused by Barrett’s esophogus?
Adenocarcinoma
Which inflammatory bowel disease has SKIP lesions?
Crohn’s
_______ is only in the colon/rectum and has continuous lesions.
Ulcerative colitis
T/F: Crohn’s involves cobblestone lesions.
True
What is the leading cause of cancer in men?
Prostate
2nd leading for deaths
What is the leading cause of cancer in women?
Breast
2nd leading for deaths
T/F: Colon cancer is the third most common in both men and women.
True
Also third in deaths
Which cancer causes the most deaths?
Lung cancer
Which diseases increase the risk for colon cancer?
Familial polyptosis/Gardner’s
What disease does not allow Cu to get into circulation and will result in accumulation of of Cu in the liver, brain, and cornea?
Wilson’s disease
What enzymes are increased with hepatitis?
transaminases (AST/ALT)
Which viruses is the most common cause of liver transplant in the U.S.?
Hep C
Which enzyme will be higher in viral hepatitis?
Viral: ALT>AST
Alcoholic: AST>ALT
Which Hepatitis viruses have vaccines?
A, B, and D
C and E = no vaccine
Which hepatitis viruses are blood-born?
B, C, D
A and E = fecal-oral
T/F: All hep viruses are ssRNA.
False
Hep B is dsDNA
Which hepatitis virus causes increased risk for chronic disease, cirrhosis, and HCC?
Hep B and C
Mostly Hep C!
T/F: In order for Hep D to infect the patient must have Hep B.
True
What is the third most common cause of death in middle aged people?
Liver cirrhosis
T/F: Cirrhosis will cause a build up of urea.
True
What is often the first sign of cirrhosis and portal hypertension?
Hematomesis and bleeding for esophageal varices
What causes jaundice?
Build up of bilirubin in blood
What is cholelithiases?
Gall stones
How can gall stones be diagnoses?
Murphy’s sign
Which enzymes will be elevated in pancreatitis?
Lipase and amylase
