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NBDE Part 1 > General Histology > Flashcards

General Histology Flashcards

1
Q

An ____________ is a specialized group of microtubules found in cilia and flagella arranged in a 9+2 pattern.

A

Axoneme

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2
Q

____________ are required for the development of cilia and are derived from centrioles.

A

Basal bodies

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3
Q

The presence of _____________ by the 8th week can determine that the sex of an embryo is female.

A

Barr bodies

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4
Q

_________ are unusually long microvilli that are only found in the epididymis and inner ear.

A

Stereocilia

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5
Q

Protein and RNA synthesis occur in all cell cycle phases except _________.

A

Mitosis

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6
Q

What are the steps of the interphase of a cell?

A

G1 -> S (DNA synthesis) -> G2

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7
Q

What are the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase -> metaphase -> anaphase -> telophase

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8
Q

A _________ is a beltlike junction that completely seals off intercellular space.

A

Tight junction (zonula occludens)

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9
Q

A __________ is a beltlike junction that leaves a small intercellular space between cells.

A

intermediate junction (zonula adherens)

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10
Q

A ________ provides localized adhesion between adjacent cells.

A

desmosome (macula adherens)

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11
Q

What type of adhesion is seen in the epithelium of oral mucosa?

A

Hemidesmosome

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12
Q

_________ enable the passage of fluids, ions and small molecules between cells.

A

Gap junctions

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13
Q

What is a pemphigus or pemphigoid?

A

Pemphigus - autoimmunity agains desmosomes

Pemphigoid - autoimmunity against hemidesmosomes

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14
Q

Where is the thinnest epithelium in the oral cavity?

A

Sublingual mucosa

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15
Q

What are the three layers of the basement membrane?

A

From epithelium -> CT

  1. Lamina lucida
  2. Lamina densa (basal lamina) - Type IV collagen
  3. Reticular lamina - type III collagen
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16
Q

Most CT originates from the ___________.

A

mesoderm

*some in head/neck from neural crest ectoderm

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17
Q

Where is regular dense CT found?

A

Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses

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18
Q

What is the most common cells in CT?

A

Fibroblasts

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19
Q

_________ secrete through ducts. _________ secrete into the blood.

A

Exocrine; endocrine

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20
Q

Hormones are secreted through _________ glands.

A

endocrine

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21
Q

________ secretions are watery. ________ secretions are viscous.

A

Serous; mucous

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22
Q

T/F: Serous glands (parotid) have well-developed intercalated and striated ducts that modify their serous secretions.

A

True

Mucous glands do not

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23
Q

What gives the striated appearance of the striated ducts in glands?

A

Many elongated mitochondria

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24
Q

In salivary glands, the intercalated duct is lined with ________ epithelium. The terminal excretory duct is lined with ______ epithelium.

A

simple cuboidal; pseudostratified columnar

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25
Q

T/F: Cartilage is avascular.

A

True

Blood supply from perichondrium

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26
Q

Cartilage is composed of __________ residing in a lacunae.

A

chondrocytes

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27
Q

What type of collagen is in the cartilage matrix?

A

Type II

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28
Q

Perichondrium covers all cartilage except…

A

Fibrocartilage, articular cartilage of joints, and nasal/costal cartilage

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29
Q

T/F: The perichondrium consists of an inner fibrous layer and outer cellular layer.

A

False

Inner cellular and outer fibrous

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30
Q

What is the difference between interstitial and appositional growth?

A

Interstitial - cartilage forms within existing cartilage

Appositional - new cartilage forms on surface (must have perichondrium)

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31
Q

________ makes up the articular disc of the TMJ.

A

Fibrocartilage

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32
Q

________ is the precursor for bone in endochondral bone formation.

A

Hyaline cartilage

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33
Q

Osteoid, uncalcified bone matrix, is composed of _________.

A

type I collagen and ground substance

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34
Q

_________ are the vascular tunnels within bone keeping osteocytes properly nourished.

A

Canaliculi

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35
Q

An increase in which enzyme in osteoblasts and matrix vesicles pushes the mineralization of bone?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

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36
Q

Flat bones of skull, maxilla, mandibular body, and clavicle are all formed through __________.

A

intramembranous ossification

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37
Q

Long bones, vertebrae, and the mandibular condyles are formed through ___________.

A

endochondral ossification

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38
Q

T/F: Appositional growth only occurs in endochondral bone.

A

False
Appositional - both

Interstitial - only endochondral

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39
Q

In cortical (compact) bone, Haversian systems (osteons) are connected by ____________.

A

Volkmann’s canals

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40
Q

In ___________ bone, lamellae are arranged in thin spicules called trabeculae.

A

cancellous (spongy)

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41
Q

_________ contains fat cells and is the primary marrow type in the mandible and maxilla.

A

Yellow marrow

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42
Q

_________ is found in the mandibular ramus and condyles. It contains hematopoietic cells.

A

Red marrow

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43
Q

Osteoclasts reside in resorption bays known as ___________.

A

Howship’s lacunae

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44
Q

____________ stimulates osteoclastic bone resorption.

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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45
Q

__________ decreases blood calcium leading to less osteoclastic activity.

A

Calcitonin

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46
Q

________ joints are immovable. _________ joints are fully movable joints.

A

Synarthrosis; diarthrosis

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47
Q

The articular cartilage of synovial joints is typically a layer of hyaline cartilage except for which two examples….

A

Knee and TMJ - fibrocartilage

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48
Q

The ________ produces synovial fluid.

A

synovial membrane

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49
Q

T/F: Neurons are actively dividing.

A

False

Do not divide

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50
Q

T/F: CNS nervous tissue is derived from neural tube ectoderm.

A

True

CNS - neural tube ectoderm
PNS - neural crest ectoderm

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51
Q

T/F: Dendrites conduct info to the cell body, axons conduct info away from the cell body.

A

True

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52
Q

What cells are the building blocks for the BBB, regulate vasoconstriction/dilation and communicate via gap junctions using calcium?

A

Astrocytes

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53
Q

________ secrete CSF.

A

Choroidal cells

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54
Q

T/F: There is only one neuron per Schwann cell.

A

True

55
Q

T/F: Chemical signals are conducted through gap junctions.

A

False

Electrical signals

56
Q

T/F: C fibers are myelinated.

A

False

57
Q

What is contained in the serum of blood?

A

Water, albumin, globulins

Not fibrinogen or clotting factors

58
Q

What is the hematocrit?

A

The percentage of erythrocytes in blood

Males - 45%
Females - 40%

59
Q

Platelets are derived from what cells?

A

Megakaryocytes

60
Q

How is the amount of erythrocytes destroyed per day calculated?

A

Amount of bile pigment excreted by the liver

61
Q

Where in the circulation does the greatest drop in blood pressure occur?

A

Transition from arteries to arterioles

62
Q

In larger arteries there are more ________ fibers, while in smaller arteries there are more _________ fibers.

A

elastic; smooth muscle

63
Q

The ___________ is the innermost layer of blood vessels.

A

tunica intima

composed of endothelium (simple squamous)

64
Q

Which white blood cell does not share a precursor cell?

A

Macrophage

Monocyte until it leaves the blood

65
Q

The ________ is composed of both smooth muscle and elastic fibers. It is much thicker in arteries.

A

tunica media

66
Q

The ________ is the outermost layer and is much thicker in veins.

A

tunica adventitia

67
Q

The _______ is the thickest portion of the heart and contains cardiac muscle.

A

myocardium

68
Q

Which arteries would be categorized as elastic and would contain a vasa vasora?

A

BIG arteries (aorta, pulmonary arteries and branches)

69
Q

The _________ directly affect arterial blood pressure.

A

arterioles

70
Q

T/F: Bradycardia describes a high HR (above 100 BPM).

A

False

Tachycardia - over 100 bpm
Bradycardia - under 60 bpm

71
Q

T/F: Lymph is pumped through its vessels.

A

False

72
Q

T/F: The majority of the bodies lymph is drained through the right subclavian vein.

A

False

Thoracic duct at left subclavian vein

73
Q

Which lymphatic nodules are nonencapsulated and subepithelial?

A

Pharyngeal tonsils and Peyer’s patches

74
Q

Where are B cells and T cells distributed in the lymph nodes?

A

B cells in the outer cortex and inner medulla

T cells in the paracortex

75
Q

B cells mature in _________.

A

bone marrow

76
Q

T cells mature in the _________.

A

thymus

77
Q

T/F: The spleen develops from the primitive gut.

A

False

Mesenchymal cells from primitive stomach

78
Q

T/F: In the spleen, the white pulp contains B cells and the PALS (has T cells).

A

True

79
Q

What is contained in the red pulp of the spleen?

A

Erythrocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes

80
Q

The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus via the _________.

A

infundibulum

81
Q

What provides blood to the pituitary gland?

A

Inferior and superior hypophyseal arteries (via ICA)

82
Q

T/F: ADH and oxytocin are produced in the posterior pituitary.

A

False

Produced in hypothalamus, stored in post pituitary

83
Q

What are the effects of PTH?

A

Increase in blood Ca+, bone resorption

84
Q

The ________ regulates the sleep-wake cycle.

A

pineal gland

85
Q

What is the acronym for the zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

GFR

G(lomerulosa) - salt
F(asiculata) - sugar
R(eticularis) - sex

86
Q

The alveolar ducts and sacs contain __________ epithelium, while the alveolar septa have __________ epithelium.

A

simple cuboidal; simple squamous

87
Q

The terminal bronchioles have __________ epithelium.

A

simple columnar

88
Q

T/F: Type II cells cover the majority of the alveolar surface and produce surfactant.

A

False

Do produce surfactant but cover much less than Type I

89
Q

T/F: The esophagus is innervated by CN X.

A

True

90
Q

_______ cells secrete pepsinogen in the stomach.

A

Chief

91
Q

_______ cells secrete HCl and intrinsic factor in the stomach.

A

Parietal cells

92
Q

__________ cells secrete gastrin in the stomach.

A

Enteroendocrine (G) cells

93
Q

The stomach and small intestine are lined with __________ epithelium.

A

simple columnar

94
Q

Where is the Myenteric (Auerbach’s) plexus located?

A

Muscularis externa of small intestine

95
Q

T/F: Submucosal glands of Brunner are only found in the duodenum.

A

True

96
Q

T/F: Peyer’s patches are only found in the ileum.

A

True

97
Q

How is the large intestine innervated?

A

CN X to ascending and transverse colon

Pelvic splanchnic nerve to descending and sigmoid colon

98
Q

The portal triad consists of _________.

A

hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct

99
Q

T/F: Hepatocytes are often bi-nucleate (tetraploid).

A

True

100
Q

_______ are adipocytes in the space of Disse. They store vitamin A in the liver.

A

Ito cells

101
Q

Elevated serum bilirubin results in _________.

A

jaundice

102
Q

Bile is transported from the liver to the gall bladder via _________ and from the liver to the duodenum via _________.

A

cystic duct; common bile duct

103
Q

T/F: In the biliary tree, both blood and bile move from central vein -> portal canal.

A

False

Blood moves opposite

104
Q

T/F: An increase in CCK, secretin, or gastrin will increase biliary flow.

A

True

105
Q

T/F: In the kidneys, pyramids are found in the cortex.

A

False

Medulla

106
Q

What kidney components are found in the cortex?

A

Glomerulus and bowman’s capsule; proximal and distal tubules

107
Q

The __________ is a thick connective tissue capsule that covers the testis.

A

tunica albuginea

108
Q

T/F: Seminiferous tubules are the sites of spermatogenesis.

A

True

109
Q

Where is sperm stored?

A

epididymis

110
Q

T/F: Sertoli cells produce testosterone.

A

False

Leydig - testosterone
Sertoli - testicular fluid

111
Q

What are the four components of the spermatic cord?

A
  1. Ductus (vas) deferens
  2. Testicular artery and veins
  3. Lymph vessels
  4. Autonomic nerves
112
Q

What is the route of sperm?

A

seminiferous tubules -> rete testis -> efferent ductules -> ductus epididymis -> vas deferens -> ejaculatory duct

113
Q

The two dorsal sections of erectile tissue are called ________.

A

corpora cavernosa

114
Q

The ventral section of the penis with the urethra is termed _______.

A

corpus spongiosum

115
Q

The _________ is the longest section of the fallopian tubes (oviducts) and is the site of fertilization.

A

ampulla

116
Q

T/F: The endometrium of the cervix is shed during menstruation.

A

False

Just of uterus

117
Q

T/F: Milk is produced by both merocrine and apocrine secretion.

A

True

118
Q

T/F: Lactation is under the control of the pituitary and hypothalamus.

A

True

119
Q

What is the pneumonic for epidermal layers?

A

Inner->outer

Bad Sprinters Get Leg Cramps

Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Comeum

120
Q

The basement membrane connects the epidermis and dermis of the skin via _________.

A

hemidesmosomes

121
Q

What is the function of Langerhans and Merkel cells?

A

Langerhans - antigen-presenting

Merkel - touch

122
Q

_________ detect stretch and heat on the skin.

A

Ruffini endings

123
Q

_________ detect pressure and vibration.

A

Pacinian corpuscles

124
Q

_________ detect light touch on the skin.

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

125
Q

T/F: Apocrine glands produce sweat and are found in the entire body.

A

False

Odorless secretion, only in axilla, nipple, genitalia, etc.

Sympathetic

126
Q

_________ is the watery fluid within the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye.

A

Aqueous humor

127
Q

________ is the transparent watery gel within the vitreous chamber.

A

Vitreous humor

128
Q

T/F: The cornea is the outermost part of the eye.

A

True

129
Q

Which part of the eye gives the white color?

A

Sclera

130
Q

The _______ of the eye contains smooth muscle and does lens accommodation.

A

ciliary body

131
Q

The _____ of the eye contains smooth muscle for pupil dilation.

A

Iris

Also gives the eye its color

132
Q

T/F: Rods are sensitive to light, cones are sensitive to color.

A

True

133
Q

The ______ is in the very center of the macula lutea and has the sharpest vision.

A

fovea

NBDE Part 1 (31 decks)

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