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NBDE Part 1 > Biochem: Lipids > Flashcards

Biochem: Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated - no double bonds
Mono - one double bond
Poly - many double bonds

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2
Q

T/F: Prostaglandins are made from polyunsaturated fatty acids.

A

True

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3
Q

T/F: Triglycerides are an important part of the cell membrane.

A

False

Not in the cell membrane

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4
Q

Which membrane phospholipid is converted to arachidonic acid? By which enzyme?

A

Phosphatidyl inositol via phospholipase A2 (PLA2)

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5
Q

What types of lipids are derived from arachidonic acid?

A

Eicosanoids (leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes, etc.)

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6
Q

________ inhibit PLA2 and therefor the release of arachidonic acid.

A

Corticosteroids

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7
Q

__________ are found in nerve cell membranes and are an important part of the myelin sheath.

A

Sphingomyelins

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8
Q

An excess accumulation of sphingomyelins causes what disease?

A

Niemann-Pick disease

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9
Q

________ is the precursor to adrenal cortex hormones (salt, sugar, sex).

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

Which enzyme will convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins (proinflammatory)?

A

COX enzyme

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11
Q

Which enzyme will convert arachidonic acid into leukotrienes?

A

LOX

*allergic reactions and asthma

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12
Q

What are the four essential fatty acids?

A 
Linolenic acid (omega 3)
Linoleic (omega 6)
Oleic acid (omega 9)
Arachidonic acid
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13
Q

T/F: LInoleic acid is proinflammatory and polyunsaturated.

A

True

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14
Q

________ is released by the pancreas into the duodenum to break down emulsified triglycerides.

A

Pancreatic lipase

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15
Q

What is the primary result of pancreatic lipase digestion?

A

Mixed micelle

Biles salts, free FAs, and monosaccharides

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16
Q

T/F: HDL levels should be higher than 100.

A

False

HDL > 50
LDL < 100

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17
Q

What should triglyceride levels stay lower than?

A

150

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18
Q

T/F: Total cholesterol should stay under 200.

A

True

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19
Q

How is LDL transported into target tissue?

A

Cell receptor-mediated endocytosis

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20
Q

________ deficiency can cause abnormal fat metabolism and can lead to fatty liver disease and hepatic cirrhosis.

A

Choline

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21
Q

Why is HDL beneficial?

A

It takes cholesterol from tissues back to the liver

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22
Q

Xanthelasma is yellow deposit of cholesterol under the skin. What is the number one cause of this?

A

Aging

Not high cholesterol

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23
Q

What are the three ultimate outputs of beta oxidation?

A

NADH, FADH, Acetyl-CoA

24
Q

_______ is the breakdown of fatty acids.

A

beta oxidation

25
Q

Beta oxidation is in the mitochondrial matrix. How do fatty acids enter the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Carnitine-mediated enzyme shuttle

26
Q

Which ketone body would result in a fruity breath?

A

Acetone (not used as energy)

27
Q

What are the three types of ketone bodies?

A
  1. Acetoacetate
  2. Beta-hydroxybutyrate
  3. Acetone
28
Q

Where in the cell does fatty acid synthesis occur?

A

Cytosol

29
Q

How does acetyl-CoA get to the cytosol for fatty acid synthesis?

A

Citrate-malate shuttle

30
Q

T/F: Omega 3s (lenolenic acids) are anti-inflammatory.

A

True

Includes EPA and DHA

31
Q

How many calories per gram do you get for the three macromolecules?

A

Proteins - 4
Carbs - 4
Lipids - 9

32
Q

Which of the vitamins are fat soluble?

A

DEAK

33
Q

Which fat soluble vitamin is the most toxic?

A

Vitamin D

DANGEROUS

34
Q

Where is the active form of vitamin D produced?

A

Kidneys

35
Q

Deficiency in vitamin D will lead to which two diseases?

A

Ricketts in children

Osteomalacia in adults

36
Q

Excess vitamin D can lead to sarcoidosis. Who is most likely to get this disease?

A

Middle aged African American females

37
Q

What are the main vitamins and minerals that make up antioxidants?

A

ACE + zinc + glutathione

E is a big one

38
Q

What is the precursor for vitamin A?

A

Beta CAROTene

39
Q

T/F: Vitamin A plays a large role in enamel formation.

A

True

Also eyes, and epithelium

40
Q

Warfarin is an antagonist of which vitamin?

A

Vitamin K

Vitamin K induces clotting

41
Q

Deficiency of which vitamin is seen often in alcoholics?

A

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) and B12

42
Q

A deficiency in vitamin B1 (thiamine) can lead to which disease?

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Beriberi

43
Q

Intrinsic factor is needed to absorb vitamin B12. What cells release intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells in stomach

44
Q

Which disorder is caused by decreased intrinsic factor leading to B12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anemia

very common

45
Q

Which vitamin is a coenzyme for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine (collagen synthesis)?

A

Vitamin C

46
Q

What is the number one vitamin deficiency in the U.S.?

A

Folic acid

47
Q

What is the function of folic acid?

A

Synthesis of purines and thymidine

48
Q

Why would a pregnant woman take folic acid supplements?

A

Prevent spina bifida

49
Q

Megaloblastic anemia involves deficiency in which vitamin?

A

Folic acid

50
Q

Which disease involves large accumulations of copper?

A

Wilson’s disease (Hepatolenticular degeneration)

51
Q

Which mineral inhibits bacterial enolase?

A

fluoride

52
Q

Which mineral is critical for thyroid function?

A

Iodine

Deficiency = cretinism (kids) or myxedema (adults)

53
Q

T/F: Hyperthyroidism will result in low T3.

A

False

High T3 and T4, low TSH

54
Q

A deficiency in iron will cause what type of anemia?

A

Microcytic

55
Q

T/F: Iron must be in its reduced (ferrous) state to be used in hemoglobin.

A

True

56
Q

T/F: Zinc is required for DNA synthesis.

A

True

57
Q

______ is a cofactor for producing carbonic anhydrase.

A

Zinc

*carbonic anhydrase produces bicarbonate

NBDE Part 1 (31 decks)

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