Anatomy: Head and Neck Flashcards
What cranial nerves go through the superior orbital fissure?
CN III, CN IV, CN VI and V1
V2 comes through which foramen?
Infraorbital foramen
The sella turcica is a depression in the body of which bone?
sphenoid
What sits in the sella turcica?
Pituitary gland
The optic chiasm sits just above which structure?
Pituitary gland
PG tumor will cause vision loss in nasal fibers of both eyes
What structure lays just posterior to the superior orbital fissure?
Cavernous sinus
What two bones make up the lateral wall of the orbit?
GREAT Z
Greater wing of sphenoid and zygomatic bone
What is the most likely wall of the orbit to fracture?
Inferior wall - eye would sit into max sinus
What separates the anterior cranial fossa from the middle cranial fossa
Lesser wing of sphenoid
What separates the middle and posterior cranial fossa?
Petrous ridge of temporal bone
The Cribriform plate is on what bone?
Ethmoid
Optic canal is located on which bone?
Lesser wing of sphenoid
Which major foramen are found in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone?
Foramen rotundum and foramen ovale
Which cranial nerve goes through foramen rotundum?
Foramen roTWOndum
V2
Which CN goes through foramen ovale?
V3
Which CN goes through the internal acoustic meatus?
CN 7 and 8
Which CN goes through the jugular foramen?
CN IX, X, XI
What are the two main structures that go through foramen magnum?
Vertebral arteries and CN XI
Where does the ICA enter the skull? Where does it enter the middle cranial fossa?
Carotid canal; foramen lacerum
What nerve goes through the petrotympanic fissure?
Chorda tympani nerve
CN VII - taste for anterior 2/3s
Which nerve is located directly lateral to the medial pterygoid muscle?
Lingual nerve
Which lobe of the brain is the largest?
Frontal
What are the three Ps to the frontal lobe?
Personality, Planning, Production of speech
*also motor functions
T/F: The parietal lobe deals with the majority of sensory functions.
True
What are the two major structures of the temporal lobe?
Temp House Worker
Hippocampus and Wernicke’s
What are the three main functions of the hypothalmus?
Temperature, Hunger, Circadian rhythm
Which Cranial nerves start in which parts of the brain stem?
RULE of FOURS
Midbrian - III and IV
Pons - V, VI, VII, VIII
Medulla - IX, X, XI, XII
Which part of the nervous system is controlled by the medulla oblongata?
Autonomics (HR, breathing, blinking, coughing, vomiting, swallowing)
Aggression and blood pressure are regulated by which part of the brain?
Medulla oblongata
Most neuro pathways cross in which part of the brainstem?
Medulla
All sensory for the back of tongue and throat including gag reflex is via which nerve?
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
What cranial nerve provides taste to the epiglottis?
Vagus (CN X)
Which nuclei provides for the salivation functions of cranial nerves 7 and 9?
CN VII - superior
CN IX - inferior
Where does the common carotid bifurcate?
Superior border of thyroid cartilage
Which cranial nerve is right next to the ICA in the cavernous sinus?
CN VI
What are the four branches of the internal carotid artery?
OPAM
Opthalmic, posterior communicating, anterior cerebral, middle cerebral
Where do all of the sinuses in the brain drain to?
Sigmoid sinus which becomes the internal jugular vein
Where do the superior and inferior opthalmic veins drain?
Carvernous sinus
What is the anterior and posterior border of the cavernous sinus?
Anterior - superior orbital fissure
Posterior - petrous ridge of temporal bone
What are the contents of the cavernous sinus?
3, 4, 6, V1, V2
What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
SCALP
Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose areolar tissue Pericranium
Which layers of the scalp are fused?
Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis
Which layers of the scalp has blood vessels?
Connective tissue
The optic canal is found on which part of the sphenoid?
Lesser wing
Explain the spinal and cranial roots of CN XI?`
Spinal root comes from C1-C6 and enters skull via foramen magnum. Joins cranial root (medulla) and exits jugular foramen
What is the thinist portion of the orbit?
Medial wall - lamina papyracea
Which major foramen are found in the posterior cranial fossa?
Internal acoustic meatus, jugular foramen, foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal
T/F: The sphenoid and ethmoid bones are part of the neurocranium.
True
T/F: Only the optic nerve goes through the optic canal?
False
Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery
How many bones does the sphenoid bone articulate with?
15
Which side will the chin deviate to in a unilateral condylar neck fracture?
to the broken side
The _______ gland is located lateral to the medial pterygoid.
parotid
Which cranial fossa houses the occipital lobe of the brain?
Middle cranial fossa
Which dural sinus travels in the superior falx cerebri? Where does it drain?
Superior sagital sinus; drains into the right transverse sinus
Which dural sinus travels in the inferior falx cerebri and joins the great cerebral vein to form the straight sinus?
Inferior saggital sinus
T/F: The inferior nasal conchae is its own bone.
True
What two bones form the zygomatic arch?
Temporal and zygomatic
What nerve and nucleus supply the parotid gland?
The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN 9) carries parasympathetic fibers from the inferior salivatory nucleus to the parotid gland for salivation.
What nerve and nucleus supply the sublingual and submandibular glands?
The facial nerve (CN 7) carries parasympathetic fibers from the superior salivatory nucleus to the submandibular and sublingual glands
What are the major structures of the temporal lobe?
Hippocampus and Wernike’s area (speech recognition)
Which cerebral lobe is responsible for production of speech?
Frontal lobe - Broca’s area
A patient with a ________ lobe lesion could tell the doctor that a pen is used for writing, but could not call the object a pen.
parietal
Which part of the brainstem regulates autonomic function?
Medulla
Which nerve provides innervation to the epiglottis region?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
Which joint provides the “yes” motion?
Atlanto-occipital
Which joint provides the “no” motion?
Atlanto-axial joint
Which bones make up the medial wall of the orbit?
SMEL
Sphenoid
Maxilla
Ethmoid
Lacrimal
What bones make up the floor of the orbit?
Maxillary, palatine, zygomatic
*maxilla is weakest BUT ethmoid is thinnest
T/F: All obliques abduct.
True
What is the primary action of the obliques?
Superior - intorsion
Inferior - extorsion
Which direction will the inferior oblique take the pupil?
It will extort the eye and push the pupil towards the superior medial portion of the eye
Which direction will the superior oblique take the pupil?
It will intort the eye and push the pupil towards the inferior medial portion of the eye
What are the contents of the pterygopalatine fossa?
V2, ptergopalatine ganglion, and ptergopalatine artery
Where is the pterygopalatine fossa in relation to the infratemporal fossa?
medial
What is the function of the ossicles of the ear?
Increase force, decrease amplitude
Which muscle acts on the malleus of the ear?
Tensor tympani (V3)
Which structures of the ear detect linear acceleration?
Vestibule (utricle and saccule)
What is the function of the organ of corti?
perception of sound
What structure connects the ear with the pharynx?
Pharyngotympanic tube
What is the function of the pharyngotympanic tube?
Equalize pressure of middle ear with atmospheric pressure
The smallest ossicle of the ear is the _______.
stapes
Which three nerves innervate the external acoustic meatus?
Auriculotemporal (V3), facial, and vagus
T/F: Ossicles are located in the inner ear.
False
Middle
Which bones make up the roof of the orbit?
Frontal and lesser wing of sphenoid
What is the flow of venous drainage from the eye to the heart?
Superior or inferior opthalmic vein -> cavernous sinus -> petrosal sinus -> sigmoid sinus -> IJV -> right atrium
How many vertebrae are movable?
24 out of 33
T/F: The maxillary nerve (V2) is found in the infratemporal fossa.
False
V2 - pterygopalatine fossa
V3 - infratemporal
Which opening in the nose enters into the frontal sinus?
Infundibulum in the middle meatus
The frontal sinus and maxillary sinus both empty into which structure?
Semilunar hiatus in the middle meatus
Which arteries lead into kesselbachs plexus?
Face Your LEGS
Facial, Labial, Ethmoid, Greater Palatine, Shenopalatine
Which muscles lower and raise the angle of the mouth? (smile/frown)
Raise - Levator labii superioris
Lower - Depressor anguli oris
What is the function of the risorius muscle?
Pull angle of mouth lateral and slightly up
T/F: The depressor labii inferioris will move the angle of the mouth down.
False
Depressor anguli oris - move angle down
Depressor labii inferioris - move bottom lip down
Which muscle closes the nasal openings?
Nasalis
Which muscle will pucker the lips?
Orbicularis oris
What is the function of the zygomaticus major?
Pull angle of mouth superiolaterally when smiling
What is the function of the zygomaticus minor?
Elevate upper lip
Which muscle closes the eyes?
Orbicularis oculi
Which muscle pushes the cheek against the molars when chewing?
Buccinator
What are the three major branches coming off of the aortic arch?
ABC’S
Aorta, Brachiocephalic trunk, Left Common Carotid, Left Subclavian
Where does the brachiocephalic trunk bifurcate to give off the right common carotid?
Behind the right sternoclavical joint
T/F: The maxillary artery supplies blood to the nasal septum.
True
T/F: The maxillary artery supplies blood to the skin of the forehead.
False
Which veins of the head and neck drain into the IJV?
Med Schools Let Fun People In
Middle thyroid, Superior thyroid, Lingual, Facial, Pharyngeal, Inferior petrosal sinus
Which two veins join to form the retromandibular vein?
Superficial temporal and maxillary
T/F: There are no hair follicles or sebaceous glands in the lips.
True
What two structures go through the incisive foramen?
Nasopalatine nerve and sphenopalatine artery
Sensory fibers to the hard palate are transmitted from the maxillary nerve via which nerve?
Greater palatine
T/F: The greater palatine nerve only carries sensory fibers from the maxillary nerve.
False
Also carries parasympathetics from pterygopalatine ganglion
Which structure moves posteriorly to stop regurgitation during swallowing?
Soft palate
The levator veli palatini is innervated by which nerve?
Vagus (CN X)
Which structures on the tongue contain the taste buds?
Fungiform papillae
The parotid glands are located between which two large structures?
Mandible and SCM
The submandibular glands are deep to which muscle?
Mylohyoid muscle
What are the four structures that go through the carotid sheath?
Ansa Cervicalis, Vagus nerve, IJV, Common carotid
Which vein lies directly anterior to the scalenus anterior muscle?
Subclavian vein
T/F: The transverse cervical nerve is deep to the fascial floor of the posterior triangle.
False
Phrenic nerve, brachial plexus, and transverse cervical artery are all deep to the floor
At what level is the bifurcation of the trachea?
Sternal angle
T/F: The thyrocervical trunk is a branch of the subclavian artery.
True
T/F: The axillary artery is a branch of the subclavian artery.
False
What are the five branches of the subclavian artery?
TV Is Cost Driven
Thyrocervical trunk Vertebral artery Internal thoracic artery Costocervical trunk Dorsal scapular artery
T/F: The subclavian vein has a bicuspid valve near its termination.
True
The superior cervical ganglion is located at the angle of the mandible which is at what vertebral level?
C1-C2
T/F: The thoracic duct is on the left side of the body.
True
If the eye is in the adducted position, which muscles depress and elevate?
Superior oblique - depress (intort)
Inferior oblique - elevate (extort)
**even though these muscles depress and elevate from the adducted position they do not adduct!!
They are abducters.
