Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproduction > Parturition > Flashcards

Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

progesterone

A

progesterone block and uterine quiescence
cervical closure
luteal and placental sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

estrogens

A

produced during pregnancy, can silence estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

progesterone profiles

A

fall at parturition- bitch, queen, sow

some peak towards parturition prior to rapid decline= woman, mare, cow and ewe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

woman endocrine profile

A

E2 and P4 run together and rapid decline as hit parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ewe endocrine profile

A

P4= gradual rise throughout and fall at parturition

E2 peaks right before parturition and falls at parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sow endocrine profile

A

At ovulation= peak of P4

E2 peaks as approaches parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Mare endocrine profile

A

P4= birise and declines as estrogen increases prior to estrogen decline at parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cow endocrine profile

A

P4 high at ovulation and then decreases, remains steady throughout before a steady incline and drop at parturition
estrogen has an increase prior to parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

progesterone

A

pro gestational

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

estrogen

A

increased uterine responsiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

PGF2a

A

luteolysis and contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

oxytocin

A

contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

relaxin

A

genital tract softening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

parturition concept

A

must be timed to match degree of fetal maturation with the ability of the fetus to survive outside the uterus

once initiated the process of parturition is difficult to interrupt or delay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the liggins contribution

A

fetuses control parturition timing

hypophysectomy= pituitary gland removal or adrenalectomy prevents parturition

infusion of ACTH or cortisol induces premature parturition and visceral maturation

women with preterm labor treated with glucocorticoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

critical observation in experiments

A

fetal sheep exposed to agent have a malformation that is characterized by delay in parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fetal Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

A

activation/maturation of the fetal HPA axis results in increase in fetal corticotropin releasing hormone (CRF/CRH), ACTH and cortisol

fetal stress= hypoxia, overcrowding, nutritional concern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fetal HPA

A

hypothalamus (CRF) to ant. pituitary (ACTH) to adrenal cortex (cortisol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

fetal cortisol

A

induces enzymatic changes in placenta, communicates with the dam

promotes prostaglandin synthesis

instrumental in fetal maturation (ex:lungs)

fetal cortisol released= useful because causes lung to mature so have surfactant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sheep

A

decrease progesterone and increase estrogen which causes more irritation, gravid uterus and cervix softening

21
Q

enzymatic pathway

A

fetal cortisol induces

progesterone to estradiol via enzymatic conversion in the placenta

progesterone falls and estrogen rises

aromatase changes by taking away number of carbons

22
Q

progesterone falls

A
  1. enzymatic- fetal cortisol induces placental conversion of progesterone to estrogen
  2. luteolysis- PGF2a, importance in CL dependent species

removal of progesterone block

23
Q

estrogen rises

A

because progesterone decline

enzymatic- fetal cortisol induces placental conversion of progesterone to estrogen

increases uterine sensitivity to oxytocin, increased lubrication and softening, promotes release of PGF2a

24
Q

relaxin

A

encourages pelvic, genital tract and cervical softening to facilitate parturition

externally assessed as parturition nears: vulva, perineum and pelvic ligaments soften and relax

25
Q

prostaglandin

A

PGF2a release will cause luteolysis if the CL still present

PGF2a will cause uterine (myometrial) contractions- smooth m.

26
Q

oxytocin

A

will cause myometrial contractions

very high at parturition

uterine contractions can subsequently promote more oxytocin and PGF2a release

Ferguson reflex

27
Q

Ferguson reflex

A 
neuroendocrine reflex 
dissension of the cervix and vagina causes release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
uterine contractions result
further dissension occurs 
more oxytocin released- lots of feedback
28
Q

process triggered by fetal stress

A

increase in fetal ACTH, fetal cortisol released

29
Q

Fetal cortisol

A

increases PGF2a release- triggering relaxin (pelvic ligament stretching) and luteolysis along with increased myometrial contractions

can trigger enzymes that convert P4 to E2 which causes increased myometrial contractions and increased secretion by female tract allowing lubrication

30
Q

increased myometrial contractions

A

increase pressure, increase cervical stimulation, increase oxytocin, maximum pressure

31
Q

Thorburn hypothesis

A

prostaglandin E2 injections into fetuses IV increases ACTH secretion

PGE2 secreted from ovine placenta= hormonal signal which stimulates fetal ACTH secretion at the end of gestation

32
Q

PGF2a vs. PGE2

A

OH vs. double bond O

33
Q

3 stages of parturition

A

preparation, fetal expulsion with true labor, expulsion of the fetal membranes

34
Q

Stage I

A

preparation

cervical dilation, myometrial contractions, some fetal positioning

35
Q

Stage II

A

fetal expulsion with true labor

myometrial and abdominal contractions (generally obvious)

36
Q

Stage III

A

expulsion of the fetal membranes

37
Q

species variability in length of each stage

A

Bovine- cow= slow, Heifer= even slower

horse= fast explosive

38
Q

forceful contractions

A

uterine myometrial (smooth m.) contractions

abdominal contractions

calcium necessary

39
Q

Horse stage I

A

preparation

relaxed tail head, soft perineal tissues, sweating, colicky, nervous

40
Q

Stage II horse

A

begins with chorioallantois rupture, explosive in mare

water breaks, amnion visible and fetal expulsion completed

41
Q

stage III horse

A

placental expulsion

42
Q

bovine parturition

A

stage I= preparation

isolated from herd, udder= colostrum and edema, tissue softening

43
Q

Stage III in cows

A

mechanism of fetal membrane passage

continued myometrial contractions

vasoconstriction and inflammation

problem if retain fetal membranes

44
Q

Puerperium

A

time from fetal delivery until complete uterine involution

involution varies by species:
cow-about month to 1.5 months
mare- about 2 weeks
bitch- about 2 months and more

45
Q

Uterine involution

A

gross appearance of uterus- dramatic decrease in uterine size, fetal membrane expulsion, evacuation of fluids remaining in uterus

histological appearance of uterus= tissue healing

clearance of bacterial contamination from act of parturition

46
Q

Lochia

A

normal postpartum debris and fluids which are passed out through the vagina and vulva

length of time of discharge varies among species

minimal odor

47
Q

clinical relevance

A

assisted delivery for dystocia

therapy for retention of fetal membranes

48
Q

general parturition

A

Fetal HPA activation, decreased progesterone, increased estrogen, increased oxytocin and PGF2a, relative uterine quiescence changes to dramatic uterine activation

Reproduction (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions