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Reproduction > Fertilization > Flashcards

Fertilization Flashcards

1
Q

fertilization

A

process by which the male and female gametes unite to form a single celled zygote

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2
Q

sequence of events of sperm/oocyte interaction

A

oocyte- maturation to metaphase 2/ovulation
sperm- capacitation, acrosome reaction
penetration of cumulus and zona pellucida
ionic changes, cortical granules release-block to polyspermy
meiotic resumption, 2nd polar body extruded
pronuclear formation
DNA synthesis
metabolic exchange
syngamy-merging haploid sets of chromosomes on mitotic spindle
cleavage

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3
Q

ovulated oocyte

A

surrounded by cumulus oophorus cells and corona radiata

zona pellucida (granulosa cells)

plasma (vitalize membrane) surrounding oocyte

perivitelline space with first polar body

acrosome must release enzyme to dissolve zona pellucida

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4
Q

ovulation

A

communication between oocyte and granulosa cells

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5
Q

Sperm path

A

needs to move through uterotubular junction through convoluted oviduct and to the oocyte- cumulus cell complexes in ampulla

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6
Q

Capacitation

A

sperm capacitation= biochemical and reversible process which enables spermatozoon to penetrate the zona pellucida of the ovum

initated in the uterus and completed in the oviduct (sperm binding) with hyperactive motility

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7
Q

Fallopian tube

A

haven for sperm

does not respond to insemination with influx of leukocytes like the vagina, ,cervix, and uterus do

convoluted

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8
Q

Sperm in oviduct

A

bind to the epithelium- sperm reservoir
prolongs sperm viability- stabilizes sperm membranes (preventing capacitation) and prevents hyper activation (low levels of cytoplasmic Ca)

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9
Q

Capacitation completion

A

in oviduct

induction of ovulation (hormones and follicular fluid)- epithelium secretes factors that trigger sperm capacitation and hyper activation

sperm released from epithelium and move to ampulla (thermotaxis- b/c ampulla warmer than isthmus and chemotaxis)

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10
Q

Capacitation of sperm

A

occurs in female repro tract, mostly in the isthmus of oviduct

loss of membrane cholesterol and surface proteins increasing membrane fluidity

increase in pH and changes in intracellular Ca

changes in tail- hyper activation

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11
Q

Transfer of cholesterol to albumin

A

capacitation

necessary for activation of the membrane signal transduction pathway

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12
Q

protein kinase A activation

A

necessary for phosphorylation of proteins and polymerization to filamentous actin

capacitation

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13
Q

tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins

A

necessary for hyperactive sperm motility

source of energy cascade of events

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14
Q

polymerization of globular actin to filamentous actin

A

necessary for sperm penetration into the oocyte and decondensation of sperm DNA

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15
Q

2 sources of energy in sperm

A

ATP from glycolysis to fuel hyper activated motility in sperm and further broken down in mitochondria

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16
Q

Capactitation- what it is

A

no change in sperm morphology, motility change= hyper activation- increased cAMP= chaotic movement

17
Q

step 5- fertilization

A

acrosome reaction

sperm penetrate oocyte

male and female pronuclei form

18
Q

steps of sperm binding

A 
hyperactive motility 
binding zona pellucida (ZBR ZP3 reaction)
acrosomal reaction 
penetration of zona pellucida (motility)  
sperm-oocyte membrane fashion 
sperm engulfed 
decondensation of sperm nucleus 
formation of male pronucleus
19
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

irreversible process, breakdown zona pellucida

fusion of the sperm plasma membrane with the outer acrosomal membrane

vesiculation
release of hydrolytic enzymes- hyluronidase and acrosin

20
Q

Fusion proteins

A

post acrosome reaction located in equatorial region

21
Q

sperm oocyte membrane fushion

A

cortical granules will close gate behind penetrating sperm

zona will harden- zona block

22
Q

Block to polyspermy

A

zona block-cortical granules exocytosis and hardening of zona pellucida (modification of ZP3 and ZP2)

membrane block- vitelline block- changes in oocyte plasma membrane (vitelline membrane) polarization

23
Q

tail

A

no attachment to nuclear membrane, typically

24
Q

Perivitelline space

A

between oocyte and zona pellucida where polar bodies released and where sperm travels

25
Q

maturation promoting facotr

A

pronucleus formation and 2nd polar body forming, during meiosis II

allows Ca2+ to flow into the oocyte and increases Ca which has negative feedback on MPF decreasing it

then 2nd division of meiosis unblocked and second polar body released finishing decondensation of female and pronucleus production in Ootid

26
Q

Final results of oogenesis

A

ootid production
pronuclei- male and female
2 polar bodies indicates fertilization

27
Q

syngamy

A

fashion of pronuclei to form zygote which is when fertilization is complete

Reproduction (22 decks)

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