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Reproduction > Canine reproduction > Flashcards

Canine reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

monoestrous

A

one estrous cycle per year

domestic dogs= not seasonal

depending on length of anestrus can cycle twice a year but still considered monstrous

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2
Q

bitch

A

intact female

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3
Q

dog

A

intact (stud) dog

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4
Q

Heat

A

combo of estrus and proestrus

time when vulvar discharge seen

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5
Q

puberty

A

onset of first estrous cycle
6 mo. to 2 years of age
small vs. large bitches cause variation

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6
Q

interestrus interval

A

time between proestrus and the next
4.5-12 months so why can cycle 2 times a year
german shepard- shorter
besenji- longer (yearly estrus)

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7
Q

stages of estrous cycle

A

day 0= ovulation high E2 low progesterone
metestrus= short in dog
long diestrus with high progesterone followed by anestrus, proestrus and estrus

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8
Q

follicular phase

A

estrogen from ovarian follicles

subdivided into proestrus and estrus

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9
Q

luteal phase

A

dominated by progesterone

in bitch, not generally subdivided into metestrus and diestrus

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10
Q

canine estrous cycle

A

proestrus
estrus
diestrus (canine diestrus is european metestrus) =progesterone dominance
anestrus- rest

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11
Q

anatomy

A

female from paramesonephric mullerian duct (male= wolfian)

in area near vestibule formed from 3 different embryonic tissues

cervix- open at estrus (contrast only passes in proestrus and estrus

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12
Q

canine estrous cycle

A

behavior
vaginal cytology
endocrinology= gold standard in dog
anatomy

events= interrelated, but much variability exists between animals and even between cycles

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13
Q

vaginal cytology

A

gives basic idea of where bitch is in the estrous cycle

useful if used in conjunction with progesterone

bioassay for presence of estrogen

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14
Q

non cornified epithelial cells

A

parabasal and intermediate cells

start getting signs of cell death under estrogen begin to cornily- keratinize

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15
Q

cornified epithelial cells

A

superficial
anuclear squamous
dead cells

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16
Q

cornification

A

shows the progression of epithelial cell death resulting from tissue thickening due to estrogen

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17
Q

vaginal cytology cells

A

parabasal cells- sunny side up, when not in heat (anestrus)
intermediate cells- over easy, unhealthy cytoplasm
superficial cells- pyknotic nucleus, unhealthy cytoplasm and nucleus
anuclear squamous- cornified

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18
Q

vaginal cytology progression

A

proestrus- paranasal cells (not fortified), early on can have neutrophils

between proestrus and estrus= intermediate
late proestrus= no neutrophils

estrus- superficial cells, cornified

Diestrus- early= PMNs (neutrophils) and then intermediate present

anestrus= basal, neutrophils mainly

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19
Q

vaginoscopy

A

can look at epithelium

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20
Q

hormones

A

LH- ovulation

estrogen- vaginal lining epithelial cells and wall thickness, behavior and physical signs (standing heat)

progesterone- produced in pregnant and non pregnant bitches, if increase doesn’t mean pregnant

relaxin- blood pregnancy test for dogs and cats
produced by canine placenta, relaxes pelvic canal and cervix

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21
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

LH

LH peak lasts for up to 2 days in dogs

very definitive event in estrus cycle because of this use this peak as day 0

22
Q

progesterone

A

P4

test used to find out when fertile from breeding management standpoint

quantitative laboratory determination more accurate than dog-side qualitative test

23
Q

Proestrus

A

0-27 days, average 9 days
behavior= attractive to the male, but not receptive- will not stand to be bred
vaginal cytology= progressive cornification (estrogen increasing)
endocrinology- estrogen rising to peak, pre-ovulatory rise in progesterone (pre ovulatory luteinization)
anatomy= vulvar swelling and serosanguinous discharge; vaginal fold thickening; follicular development

source of RBC is uterine diapedesis

24
Q

early proestrus

A

normal presence of non-degenerate neutrophils

25
Q

late proestrus

A

more cornified

26
Q

proestrus vaginoscopy

A

very pink, pillowy folds that are glistening

27
Q

signs of proestrus

A

vulvar swelling and discharge, flagging

28
Q

Estrus

A

length= 4-24 days, average 9 days
behavior= receptive, stands to be bred
vaginal cytology= cornification prominent (no WBC)
endocrinology= estrogen falling (continue to cornify), preovulatory rise in progesterone continues and LH peak

anatomy= less vulvar swelling and serous to serosanguinous discharge; vaginal fold crenulation; further follicular development and ovulation

cornification
vaginoscopy= not pillowy and pink, crenulation, more space

29
Q

estrus in bitch= different

A

progesterone rising in pre-ovulatory
as in other species, continues post-ovulatory as the CL develop

estrogen falling

30
Q

estrus length and definition

A

LH peak= defining moment
abrupt and short
less than 24 hours, occasionally 48 hrs
ovulation occurs 24-48 hrs later, signal for ovulation to occur (LH peak)

31
Q

hormone levels

A

LH peak at day 0
progesterone starts to rise post LH peak
estrogen peak= pre ovulation

32
Q

progesterone concentration

A

10 ng/ml = already ovulated

33
Q

how many days post LH surge is bitch most fertile

A

4-6 days
because takes 1 to 2 days to ovulate and bitch ovulates
primary oocytes that can’t be fertilized so need 1-2 days to mature 4-6 days

34
Q

ovulation

A

bitch= different
ovulates primary oocytes

then must then mature with meiosis to secondary oocyte prior to fertilization
first division in meiosis is reductional
maturation takes 24-48h, by 3-4 days post LH
breed 4-6 days after the LH peak for optimal results- times for mature oocytes

35
Q

ovulation

A

prior to LH surge= progesterone increases
day 0= LH surge
day 1= ovulation
sperm capable of fertilizing for at least 4-6 days so can arrive at oviduct around 10 days

when ovulate it is a primary oocyte which requires 24-48 hrs capacitation

day 89= cytological diestrus- when out of heat

36
Q

Diestrus

A

behavior- not receptive
vaginal cytology- abrupt change to non-cornification; WBC normal
endocrinology- high progesterone
anatomy- less vulvar swelling; discharge quality variable, then stops; vaginal fold thinning, CL

37
Q

Diestrus cytology

A

normal appearance of neutrophils

38
Q

Anestrus

A

length= 4.5 to 5 mo. (minimum 7 weeks after P4 falls below 1-2 ng/ml)

behavior- not receptive, not attractive to the dog

vaginal cytology- not cornified

endocrinology- no progesterone or estrogen, late (before pro estrus) some LH, FSH and estrogen

anatomy- no vulvar swelling; no discharge; vaginal folds thin; inactive ovaries

39
Q

Hormone concentrations

A

Anestrus 5 mo.= high but steady FSH, LH low but peaks prior to proestrus, E2 increases mid cycle

Proestrus 9 d= FSH decreases, E2 increases nearing day 0 as does LH for LH peak

estrus 9 d= FSH, LH and E2 all decrease 
ovulation complete (day 3), fertilization complete (day 6)

diestrus 2 mo. (luteal phase) = decrease E2 and LH low but slight fluctuations

progesterone= low during proestrus, estrus increases and peak early in diestrus

40
Q

Mating

A

first stage coitus, then turn before 2nd stage coitus

41
Q

pregnancy

A

progesterone high in diestrus, irrespective of pregnancy status

cannot be used as pregnancy test

CL dependent to turn

42
Q

Endotheliochorial, zonary and deciduate

A

only 1 zone of attachment to uterus

marginal hematomas- green pigment uteroverdin, if during pregnancy means loosing attachment and bad

43
Q

canine pregnancy dx

A

ultrasound- day 20 to term
palpation- day 22 to 28
relaxin- day 22 to term (best > 28)
radiographs- day 42 to term (better later)

44
Q

parturition

A

mechanism similar to ruminant- cortisol, PGF, oxytocin
CL dependent to term

thing 
65 +/- days post LH peak (very tight bell curve) 
57 +/- days post diestrus cytology 
57-72 days from 1 breeding 
within 1 day- body temp falls to 99F
45
Q

stage I- preparation

A

variable timing
nesting, poor appetite
cervical softening

green discharge

46
Q

Stage II- fetal expulsion

A

contractions
duration variable
generally half to 1 hour between pups
licks neonate

prolonged uteroverdin discharge without birth of pup indicates placental separation and thus fetal life at risk

47
Q

Stage III

A

fetal membrane passage, generally with each pup

bitch may eat membranes

48
Q

Puerperium

A

involution- prolonged, minimum 2 months

lochia- variable often brick-red brown, several weeks, odorless

49
Q

Pseudocyesis

A 
pseudoprengnancy 
normal- every nonpregnant diestrus 
progesterone fall stimulates prolactin rise 
prolactin instrumental in lactation 
overt vs. covert 
iatrogenic- OHE during diestrus
50
Q

summary

A

normal canine estrous cycle- several major difference from other domestic animals
normal pregnancy

Reproduction (22 decks)

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