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Canine reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

monoestrous

A

one estrous cycle per year

domestic dogs= not seasonal

depending on length of anestrus can cycle twice a year but still considered monstrous

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2
Q

bitch

A

intact female

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3
Q

dog

A

intact (stud) dog

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4
Q

Heat

A

combo of estrus and proestrus

time when vulvar discharge seen

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5
Q

puberty

A

onset of first estrous cycle
6 mo. to 2 years of age
small vs. large bitches cause variation

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6
Q

interestrus interval

A

time between proestrus and the next
4.5-12 months so why can cycle 2 times a year
german shepard- shorter
besenji- longer (yearly estrus)

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7
Q

stages of estrous cycle

A

day 0= ovulation high E2 low progesterone
metestrus= short in dog
long diestrus with high progesterone followed by anestrus, proestrus and estrus

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8
Q

follicular phase

A

estrogen from ovarian follicles

subdivided into proestrus and estrus

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9
Q

luteal phase

A

dominated by progesterone

in bitch, not generally subdivided into metestrus and diestrus

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10
Q

canine estrous cycle

A

proestrus
estrus
diestrus (canine diestrus is european metestrus) =progesterone dominance
anestrus- rest

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11
Q

anatomy

A

female from paramesonephric mullerian duct (male= wolfian)

in area near vestibule formed from 3 different embryonic tissues

cervix- open at estrus (contrast only passes in proestrus and estrus

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12
Q

canine estrous cycle

A

behavior
vaginal cytology
endocrinology= gold standard in dog
anatomy

events= interrelated, but much variability exists between animals and even between cycles

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13
Q

vaginal cytology

A

gives basic idea of where bitch is in the estrous cycle

useful if used in conjunction with progesterone

bioassay for presence of estrogen

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14
Q

non cornified epithelial cells

A

parabasal and intermediate cells

start getting signs of cell death under estrogen begin to cornily- keratinize

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15
Q

cornified epithelial cells

A

superficial
anuclear squamous
dead cells

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16
Q

cornification

A

shows the progression of epithelial cell death resulting from tissue thickening due to estrogen

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17
Q

vaginal cytology cells

A

parabasal cells- sunny side up, when not in heat (anestrus)
intermediate cells- over easy, unhealthy cytoplasm
superficial cells- pyknotic nucleus, unhealthy cytoplasm and nucleus
anuclear squamous- cornified

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18
Q

vaginal cytology progression

A

proestrus- paranasal cells (not fortified), early on can have neutrophils

between proestrus and estrus= intermediate
late proestrus= no neutrophils

estrus- superficial cells, cornified

Diestrus- early= PMNs (neutrophils) and then intermediate present

anestrus= basal, neutrophils mainly

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19
Q

vaginoscopy

A

can look at epithelium

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20
Q

hormones

A

LH- ovulation

estrogen- vaginal lining epithelial cells and wall thickness, behavior and physical signs (standing heat)

progesterone- produced in pregnant and non pregnant bitches, if increase doesn’t mean pregnant

relaxin- blood pregnancy test for dogs and cats
produced by canine placenta, relaxes pelvic canal and cervix

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21
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

LH

LH peak lasts for up to 2 days in dogs

very definitive event in estrus cycle because of this use this peak as day 0

22
Q

progesterone

A

P4

test used to find out when fertile from breeding management standpoint

quantitative laboratory determination more accurate than dog-side qualitative test

23
Q

Proestrus

A

0-27 days, average 9 days
behavior= attractive to the male, but not receptive- will not stand to be bred
vaginal cytology= progressive cornification (estrogen increasing)
endocrinology- estrogen rising to peak, pre-ovulatory rise in progesterone (pre ovulatory luteinization)
anatomy= vulvar swelling and serosanguinous discharge; vaginal fold thickening; follicular development

source of RBC is uterine diapedesis

24
Q

early proestrus

A

normal presence of non-degenerate neutrophils

25
late proestrus
more cornified
26
proestrus vaginoscopy
very pink, pillowy folds that are glistening
27
signs of proestrus
vulvar swelling and discharge, flagging
28
Estrus
length= 4-24 days, average 9 days behavior= receptive, stands to be bred vaginal cytology= cornification prominent (no WBC) endocrinology= estrogen falling (continue to cornify), preovulatory rise in progesterone continues and LH peak anatomy= less vulvar swelling and serous to serosanguinous discharge; vaginal fold crenulation; further follicular development and ovulation cornification vaginoscopy= not pillowy and pink, crenulation, more space
29
estrus in bitch= different
progesterone rising in pre-ovulatory as in other species, continues post-ovulatory as the CL develop estrogen falling
30
estrus length and definition
LH peak= defining moment abrupt and short less than 24 hours, occasionally 48 hrs ovulation occurs 24-48 hrs later, signal for ovulation to occur (LH peak)
31
hormone levels
LH peak at day 0 progesterone starts to rise post LH peak estrogen peak= pre ovulation
32
progesterone concentration
10 ng/ml = already ovulated
33
how many days post LH surge is bitch most fertile
4-6 days because takes 1 to 2 days to ovulate and bitch ovulates primary oocytes that can't be fertilized so need 1-2 days to mature 4-6 days
34
ovulation
bitch= different ovulates primary oocytes then must then mature with meiosis to secondary oocyte prior to fertilization first division in meiosis is reductional maturation takes 24-48h, by 3-4 days post LH breed 4-6 days after the LH peak for optimal results- times for mature oocytes
35
ovulation
prior to LH surge= progesterone increases day 0= LH surge day 1= ovulation sperm capable of fertilizing for at least 4-6 days so can arrive at oviduct around 10 days when ovulate it is a primary oocyte which requires 24-48 hrs capacitation day 89= cytological diestrus- when out of heat
36
Diestrus
behavior- not receptive vaginal cytology- abrupt change to non-cornification; WBC normal endocrinology- high progesterone anatomy- less vulvar swelling; discharge quality variable, then stops; vaginal fold thinning, CL
37
Diestrus cytology
normal appearance of neutrophils
38
Anestrus
length= 4.5 to 5 mo. (minimum 7 weeks after P4 falls below 1-2 ng/ml) behavior- not receptive, not attractive to the dog vaginal cytology- not cornified endocrinology- no progesterone or estrogen, late (before pro estrus) some LH, FSH and estrogen anatomy- no vulvar swelling; no discharge; vaginal folds thin; inactive ovaries
39
Hormone concentrations
Anestrus 5 mo.= high but steady FSH, LH low but peaks prior to proestrus, E2 increases mid cycle Proestrus 9 d= FSH decreases, E2 increases nearing day 0 as does LH for LH peak ``` estrus 9 d= FSH, LH and E2 all decrease ovulation complete (day 3), fertilization complete (day 6) ``` diestrus 2 mo. (luteal phase) = decrease E2 and LH low but slight fluctuations progesterone= low during proestrus, estrus increases and peak early in diestrus
40
Mating
first stage coitus, then turn before 2nd stage coitus
41
pregnancy
progesterone high in diestrus, irrespective of pregnancy status cannot be used as pregnancy test CL dependent to turn
42
Endotheliochorial, zonary and deciduate
only 1 zone of attachment to uterus | marginal hematomas- green pigment uteroverdin, if during pregnancy means loosing attachment and bad
43
canine pregnancy dx
ultrasound- day 20 to term palpation- day 22 to 28 relaxin- day 22 to term (best > 28) radiographs- day 42 to term (better later)
44
parturition
mechanism similar to ruminant- cortisol, PGF, oxytocin CL dependent to term ``` thing 65 +/- days post LH peak (very tight bell curve) 57 +/- days post diestrus cytology 57-72 days from 1 breeding within 1 day- body temp falls to 99F ```
45
stage I- preparation
variable timing nesting, poor appetite cervical softening green discharge
46
Stage II- fetal expulsion
contractions duration variable generally half to 1 hour between pups licks neonate prolonged uteroverdin discharge without birth of pup indicates placental separation and thus fetal life at risk
47
Stage III
fetal membrane passage, generally with each pup | bitch may eat membranes
48
Puerperium
involution- prolonged, minimum 2 months | lochia- variable often brick-red brown, several weeks, odorless
49
Pseudocyesis
``` pseudoprengnancy normal- every nonpregnant diestrus progesterone fall stimulates prolactin rise prolactin instrumental in lactation overt vs. covert iatrogenic- OHE during diestrus ```
50
summary
normal canine estrous cycle- several major difference from other domestic animals normal pregnancy

Reproduction (22 decks)

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