Female Histology Flashcards
Broad Ligament
mesometrium (uterus)
mesosalpinx (oviducts)
mesovarium (ovaries)
ovaries
egg keeper
ovary surface epithelium
continuous with mesovarium
ovary tunica albuginea
dense irregular connective tissue, thinner in testis
ovary cortex
follicles and corpora lute, atretica, and albicans
interstitial glands secrete estrogen, prominent in dogs, cats and rodents
stroma= specialized connective tissue with fibroblasts and extensive blood lymphatic capillaries
Ovary Medulla
loose connective tissue and strands of smooth muscle
large blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves
rete ovarii- emrbyonic remnants equivalent to rete testis
hilus cells- produce steroid hormones
Ovaries anatomic variability
cow has medulla on inside, cortex outside
horse opposite plus ovulation fossa
sow has irregular cortex
Follices vary in size
according to stage
born with lots of primordial follicles before differentiating or dying (athletic)
Follicular development
majority within the cortex, not tunica albuginea or medulla
Primordial follicle
single layer of squamous epithelium (mesoderm origin)
primary oocyte from primordial germ cells of yolk sac endoderm
they may not be present in adults of some species
Primary follicle
primary oocyte activates, enlarges, begins to produce zona pellucida
follicular cells become cuboidal, not squamous
stromal cells form theca
Secondary Follicle
zona pellucida now visible, glycoprotein membrane surrounding plasma membrane of oocyte
binds spermatozoa, necessary for acrosomal rxn
follicular cells multiple into several layers- become granulosa cells, retaining basal lamina at periphery
thecal layers begin to elaborate
Late secondary
larger secondary
no antrum but vesicles coalescing into antrum
Early Tertiary
multiple granulosa layers, larger
antrum on the insure, granulosa, theca internal and externa
Tertiary Follicle (graafian follicle)
follicular fluid formed from granulosa cells and blood filtrate accumulates in spaces (when merge= antrum)
granulosa cells differentiate
theca interna (epitheliod steroidogenic cells, blood and lymph capillaries)
theca externa (fibroblastic layer, thecal cone points towards ovarian surface)
Granulosa cell differentiated during tertiary stage
columnar corona radiate cells adjacent to zona pellucida
cumulus cells surrounding corona
membrana granulosa cells lining follicle wall
Ovulation
- thinning of thecal layers
- buildup of follicular fluid
- follicular stigma, site of rupture
- rupture of follicle releases oocyte, zona pellucida, corona radiate, and cumulus
post ovulation
corpus hemorrhagicum- from ruptured vessels
folding in collapsing follicular wall and presence of blood
Corpus lutem
ovulating follicles, thickening to form CL
Corpus Luteum
yellow body
remaining follicular wall collapses and granulosa cells become lutein cells- larger
theca interna cells become theca lutein cells (smaller)
luteinization- hypertrophy, hyperplasia, accumulation of lipid pigment
invasion by capillaries- b/c endocrine hormone released
becomes endocrine gland, predominantly producing progesterone
Theca lutein cells
progesterone
Granulosa lutein cells
estrogen
Corpus albicans
white body
if no pregnancy CL degenerates and invaded by connective tissue
if does occur CL enlarges further prior to degrading forming the corpus albicans after parturition
Corpus Atreticum
athletic follicle
forms from follicles that fail to complete development
oocyte liquefies
zona pellucida thickens and folds- collapses
connective tissue invades follicle and theca internal may under luteinization, forming interstitial gland
Tunica mucosa
most interior, near lumen- 3 potential divisions
lamina epithelialis mucosa (lines lumen)- epithelium plus basal lamina
lamina propria mucosa- may contain lymph nodules and glands
lamina muscularis mucosa- often intermittent or absent
Tunica submucosa
glands that open to lumen
tunica muscularis
inner circular, outer longitudinal
Tunica serosa or adventitia
surrounds outside, serosa if adjacent to body cavity
adventitia if surrounded by connective tissue
Tubular organs
Tunica serosa/adventitia, tunica muscularis followed by tunica submucosa and tunica mucosa
Oviducts
in female mammals known as uterine or Fallopian tubes
comparatively there are species dependent specializations of tubes
Oviduct pathway
ovary releases oocyte through ampulla and isthmus (zygote to morula) then to blastocyst for implantation
Ampulla oviduct
large lumen lead from infundibulum
mucosa: extensive, branched folds, ciliated cells predominate in epithelium
muscularis: circular and longitudinal (helical) smooth muscle
oviduct isthmus
small lumen
mucosa: folds are simple, forming grooves or pockets; secretory cells usually predominate over ciliated cells in epithelium
musclaris: thicker in ampulla, can constrict the lumen
comparative anatomy uterus
duplex- marsupials
bipartite- rodents
bicornate- ungulates and carnivores
simplex- primates
Tunics of the uterus
lumen inside, endometrium (tunica mucosa), myometrium (lamina muscularis)
stratum vascular and outer longitudinal folds
Estrus
estrogen high, progesterone low, glandular epithelium, proliferates, hemorrhage maximal
Diestrus
estrogen low, progesterone high, glandular hyperplasia and coiling
hemorrhage maximal
without fertilization all activity declines
Anestrus
period of sexual quiescence between estrus cycles of mammals
prolonged period in monstrous animals (dogs) or seasonally polyestrous animals (sheep), OR
prolonged period of failure of estrus in mature non pregnant, polyestrous animals
estrogen and progesterone low with sparse glands at minimum complexity
Diffuse placenta
horse and pig, long and large
cotyledonary placenta
cow and sheep, regular
zonary placenta
cat and dog, bandaid appearance
Discoidal placenta
humans and mouse, placenta over fetal membrane
nondeciduate placenta
material and fetal tissue remains distinct
glands on maternal side, clean cut when parturition takes place
Deciduate placenta
removal of placenta can lead to hemorrhage
complex arrangement between maternal and fetal side
Bovine caruncle
where placenta attaches (maternal side)
placentome- connection to cotyledon (fetal side)
Sheep
Melanophore containing caruncles
Cervix
valve like entrance that safeguards uterus, open during estrus and parturition
species variation in anatomy and mucus production, mainly related to site of sperm deposition- when sperm deposited in vagina (bovine, human), mucus secreted copiously
Mucosa
folded, structure of folds vary with species; many goblet cells
mucus character varies with cycle and pregnancy; lamina propria becomes edematous during estrus
Cervix muscularis
inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle, elastic fibers predominant in circular layer
Vagina
stratified squamous epithelium, lamina propria, smooth muscle, adventitia
ruggae
vagina mucosa
outermost layer, highly folded, stratified squamous- estrogen stimulates cornification
vagina muscularis
thick- 2 to 3 layers
Mammary glands
amount vary
Udder
epithelial cells produce milk, tubular alveolar
Mammary glands- lactating
merocrine: proteins and carbs
apocrine: lipids
holocrine: sloughed secretory cells, macrophages, leukocytes
corpora amylacea: concentrations of milk and cellular detritus
resting mammary glands
parenchyma reduced and replaced by loose connective tissue
extensive lymphocyte infiltration
Mesovarium
surface epithelium continuous with this
