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Reproduction > Mammary gland > Flashcards

Mammary gland Flashcards

1
Q

dairy cow

A

primary foster mom of human race

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2
Q

lactation

A

4 stages- mammogenesis, pact-genesis, galactopoiesis, involution
main process= supply offspring

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3
Q

mammogenesis

A

development of mammary gland

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4
Q

lactogenesis

A

production of milk

1st produce then secrete

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5
Q

galactopoiesis

A

secretion and continued production of milk

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6
Q

involution

A

atrophy of secretory cells induced by cessation of suckling and decreased prolactin and GH

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7
Q

mammary gland anatomy

A

embryology- modified sweat gland, mammary ridges, primary and secondary buds

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8
Q

canalization (mature mammary gland)

A

lactiferous ducts

where milk will flow out of glands

myoepithelial cells

goes through mammary ridge before primary mammary bud, then secondary mammary bud and lastly canalization

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9
Q

monotremes

A

sweat milk

ex: platypus and porcupine

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10
Q

mammary gland internal anatomy

A

teat sphincter= keep teat closed

gland cistern feeds into lobe and lobules
lobes contain alveoli

alveolus has a specialized secretory epithelial cell
myoepithelial cell squeeze and eject milk
milk let down via oxytocin

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11
Q

alveoli

A

functional structure

milk produced and drained through lactiferous ducts

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12
Q

mammogenesis- puberty

A

development of mammary gland
further duct and alveolar development- allometric growth (increased rate)
progesterone stimulates alveoli growth
estrogen stimulates duct system growth
growth hormone also contributes to MG development

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13
Q

allometric

A

something growing faster than rest of body

increased rate, different than isometric

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14
Q

hormonal influence on mammary gland growth

A

E2, P4 and GH

stromal tissue= lower in mass and has a steady increase as move towards 2nd pregnancy and lactation

ductal tissue has a greater mass than stromal tissue- ductal tissue increases in mass at each pregnancy

secretory tissue has the greatest mass and increases great at each sequential pregnancy/lactation

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15
Q

pregnancy- development of mammary gland

A

terminal alveoli develop under influence of prolactin, adrenal corticosteroids, and placental lactogen

lactogenesis- production of milk, is triggered by a decrease in progesterone and increase in prolactin

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16
Q

hormones at beginning of first pregnancy

A

high prolactin, PL, steroids

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17
Q

hormones at beginning of first lactation

A

low P4, high prolactin, at parturition

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18
Q

cow mammary glands

A

inguinal
4 teats
1 canal per teat

19
Q

mare, goat and sheep mammary glands

A

inguinal, 2 teats

horse- 2 to 3 ducts per teat

20
Q

dog mammary glands

A

(thoraco)abdominalinguinal
10 (8-12)
5-6 ducts per teat

21
Q

pig mammary glands

A 
thoracoabdominoinguinal 
14 (10-18)
22
Q

primates and elephants

A

thoracic
4 teats
primates- 8 to 10 ducts per teat

23
Q

supernumerary teats

A

can be problem in cows

24
Q

lactogenesis process

A

milk synthesis

milk produced by specialized epithelial cells and secreted into the lumen of alveolus

25
Q

cellular mechanisms for milk synthesis and secretion

A

milk fat globule (contains ~3.5%)
secretory vesicle attached to cell membrane
proteins and immunoglobulins secreted across the cell
plasma cell= B cell, WBC

26
Q

milk synthesis- lactogenesis

A
  1. exocytosis
  2. lipid
  3. apical transport
  4. transcytosis
  5. paracellular
27
Q

exocytosis process

A

most components of the aqueous phase (Casein and lactose) are secreted

casein- produced in the RER, transferred to golgi and packed in SV
lactose- produced in golgi from glucose and galactose, packaged into SV

28
Q

lipid process

A

produced in SER from FA and glycerol

coalesce into large droplets, are enveloped by the plasma membrane and released as a fat globule

29
Q

apical transport process

A

water and electrolytes (Ca, Na, Cl, K)

30
Q

transcytosis process

A

available during lactation in a healthy MG
allows transport of secretory IgA from the interstitial space (produced by plasma cells or from blood) into milk
other proteins, hormones and Growth factors (IGF-1) are believed to be transported this way

31
Q

Paracellular process

A

allow transport of other IGs and leukocytes in late gestation and infection (mastitis)

products of the dissolution of the mammary cells during involution can also be cleared using this pathway

32
Q

mammary gland function

A

plays key role in allowing fetus to survive outside the uterus

ab transfer (colostrum); transplacental transfer occurs in primates but not in domestic animals

nutrition (milk)

cow, sheep, goat and mare rely on passive transport

33
Q

colostrum

A

first milk from dam
provides passive transfer IgG
protection against pathogens in the first month of life
neonatal immune system not mature

34
Q

degree of innovation of placenta

A

epitheliochorial and endotheliochorial are in direct contact with chorion
haemochorial- maternal blood vessels infiltrate

35
Q

type of placentation and passive transfer

A

horse, pig and camelid- epitheliochorial- 100% colostrum, no prepartum immunoglobulins

cow, sheep/goat - synepitheliochorial - 100% colostrum, no prepartum Immunoglobulins

dog/cat- endotheliochorial - 5 to 10% prepartum transfer, 90 to 95% colostrum immunoglobulin transfer

primate- hemochorial- 90% prepartum immunoglobulin transfer, only 10% colostral transfer

36
Q

colostrum

A

factors affecting colostrum quality:
age of dam (older better)
number of lactations (linked to age)
vaccination status (vaccines help)
health status of dam (healthy is better)
volume of colostrum (less is better)- dilution affect

37
Q

failure of passive transfer

A

inadequate supply from dam- premature lactation (prepartum milking or suckling by calves), poor health/vaccination status

failure to suckle- delay to nurse, inability to nurse (birth defects, dystocia, prolonged parturition-hypoxia)

failure to absorb into bloodstream- GI colonization by microbes
closure of villous epithelium (24 h after birth)

38
Q

Nutrition

A

composition of milks at mid-lactation

cat= highest fat in milk and high dry matter- milk more concentrated

39
Q

Galactopoiesis- secretion and continued production of milk

A

prolactin and GH stimulate galactopoiesis

suckling stimulates oxytocin release- myoepithelial cell contraction, milk let down

40
Q

oxytocin

A

produced from posterior pituitary from tonic center
affects lobe and lobules- myoepithelial cell produced milk

suckling stimulates milk let down due to oxytocin

41
Q

blockage of milk letdown

A

block oxytocin release- unusual stimuli or pain message goes to brain to the pituitary gland and then to the heart (adrenaline from nerve endings overcomes letdown hormone action)

42
Q

galactopoiesis process

A

removal of milk from mammary gland stimulates milk production
less pressure and less feedback inhibitor of lactation (FIL) which inhibits milk production

higher frequency of milk removal then the higher the production

allowing mammary gland to reach storage capacity decreases rate of milk synthesis, pressure atrophy

if produce more inhibits production until removed and then inhibition removed

43
Q

lactation peaks

A

3-8 weeks following onset (species variations) then declines steadily

bitch= 3-4 wks 
sow= 3 wks 
cow= 4-8 wks 
mare= 4-8 wks
44
Q

involution

A

gradual regression of mammary gland following lactation
decrease in prolactin and growth hormone- signals apoptosis of epithelial cells
cessation of suckling or milking- decreases stimuli for production; increased pressure and pressure atrophy

Reproduction (22 decks)

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