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KINS 1161 > Part B Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Part B Midterm Exam Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 ideologies that were presented in class?

A
  1. Gender Ideology
  2. Racial Ideology
  3. Social Class Ideology
  4. Ableist Ideology
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2
Q

what is gender ideology?

what are its 3 central beliefs?

what is an example?

A
  • beliefs that defines masculinity/femininity, evaluates sexual expression, and determines gender roles
  • 3 central beliefs: (1) humans are male or female, (2) heterosexuality is the foundation of nature, (3) men are stronger and more rational

example) women were not able to compete in the early Olympics

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3
Q

what is racial ideology?

what are its 3 central beliefs?

what is an example?

A
  • beliefs that classify humans into categories based on biology in relation to internal attributes
  • 3 central beliefs: (1) humans are classified by race, (2) intellect and characteristics vary by race, (3) white people only have white ancestors

example) racial injustice in the United States surrounding police brutality

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4
Q

what is social class ideology?

what are its 3 central beliefs?

what is an example?

A
  • beliefs used to evaluate material status and economic success
  • 3 central ideas: (1) everyone can be successful, (2) meritocracy > people who deserve it are successful and failure is due to poor choice and laziness

example) a rich white kid has more opportunity than anyone else

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5
Q

what is ableist ideology?

what are its 3 central beliefs?

what is an
example?

A
  • beliefs that identify people are physically/intellectually disabled in order to justify exclusion and injustice
  • 3 central ideas: (1) people are normal or disabled, (2) disability exists when impairments interfere with everyday life, (3) disabled people are inferior to normal people

example) disabled people are refused a job despite their capabilities

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6
Q

what is moral reasoning?

A

a systematic process of evaluating personal values and developing a set of moral principals to live by

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7
Q

what are the 3 steps of moral reasoning?

A
  1. moral knowing - addressing moral issues and deciding how to solve them
  2. moral valuing - making decisions about what you believe
  3. moral acting - behaviour based on knowledge and beliefs
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8
Q

what was the “Battle of the Systems”?

A

a debate on which system of gymnastics could provide a unified, national program for the United States

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9
Q

which 5 systems were involved in the “Battle of the Systems”?

A
  1. german gymnastics
  2. swedish gymnastics
  3. hitchcock’s program
  4. sargent’s system
  5. association gymnastics
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10
Q

what is german gymnastics?

A

the use of physical activity to develop individual abilities for strong youth to go to war

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11
Q

what is swedish gymnastics?

A

the use of physical activity to promote health, correct expression, and beauty of performance using exact movement patterns

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12
Q

what is hitchcock’s program?

A

the use of physical activity to emphasize hygiene through required exercise

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13
Q

what is sargent’s system?

A

provided individualized exercises on exercise machines

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14
Q

what is association gymnastics?

A

contributed to the development of the all-around man

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15
Q

what are the 5 steps of the research process?

A

step 1: develop a research question

step 2: select a theory and research method

step 3: collect and analyze data

step 4: use findings to produce conclusions

step 5: publish results for validity and reliability

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16
Q

how do you develop a research question?

A
  • start with observations
  • produce questions based on observations
  • review sources to see if your questions have already been answered
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17
Q

what are 3 theories used for research?

A
  1. cultural theory
  2. interactionist theory
  3. structural theory
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18
Q

what is cultural theory?

what is an example?

A
  • an explanation for the way people think and express values in their social world
    example) impact of racial ideology on sport participation choices
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19
Q

what is interactionist theory?

what is an example?

A
  • explains the relationships through which people give meaning to sport experiences and how they integrate them into their lives
    example) process of normalizing pain and injury in sport
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20
Q

what is structural theory?

what is an example?

A
  • explains different social organizations and how they influence actions and relationships
    example) who benefits when public money builds stadiums for pro sport teams
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21
Q

what are the 2 types of research methods?

A
  1. Quantitative method
    - statistical data to study general patterns
    example) graphs
  2. Qualitative method
    - observational data
    example) interviews
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22
Q

why are symbols important when collecting an analyzing data for a research project?

A

symbols are a concrete representation of values, beliefs, and moral principals around how people organize their ways of life

23
Q

how did the Colin Kaepernick x Nike advertisement challenge traditional ideologies about gender, race, ability, and social class?

A

gender: a girl who was a homecoming queen and a linebacker
race: nike hijab
ability: wrestler with no legs

social class: Serena Williams, from Compton

24
Q

why did the Colin Kaepernick x Nike advertisement receive backlash?

A

Colin Kaepernick, former NFL player, protested against racial injustice and police brutality by taking a knee during the US national anthem

25
Q

what 2 models are used to explain socialization?

which is used most often?

A
  1. social interaction model
  2. personal internalization model

social interaction model is used more often

26
Q

what is the social interaction model?

what research method is used (qualitative or quantitative)?

A
  • organized around a combination of cultural, interactionist, and structural theories
  • assumes that we learn values and norms through interaction with others and participating in social worlds
  • qualitative method (interviews)
27
Q

what is the personal internalization method?

what research method is used (qualitative or quantitative)?

A
  • states that social learning occurs when people interpret the rules of society as they go through life
  • assumes that socialization is a one-way process and learning occurs automatically
  • quantitative method (surveys)
28
Q

what are social constructions?

A

parts of a social world created by people as they interact with each other under specific conditions

29
Q

how are sports social constructions?

A

sports is a social world created by viewers, players, and sponsors who interact about sports

30
Q

what is philosophy?

A
  • the love, study, or pursuit of wisdom, knowledge, and truth
  • what we know, how we know it, and why it is important to know
31
Q

why is philosophy import to physical education, exercise science and sport?

A
  • helps to understand the meaning of sport, why people believe and behave the way they do
  • bring purpose to sport
32
Q

who are 5 leaders that contributed to modern physical education?

A
  1. Luther Gulick
  2. Delphine Hanna
  3. Charles McCloy
  4. Dudley Sargent
  5. Rosalind Cassidy
33
Q

What contributions did Luther Gulick give to modern physical education?

A

The Play Movement

  • established Play Association of America and Playground Association of America building
  • building recreational services for the public
  • children were encouraged to be active and removed from work
34
Q

What contributions did Delphine Hanna give to modern physical education?

A
  • anthropometrics to create exercise programs for college women
  • influenced physical educators such as Luther Gulick, Thomas Wood, Jesse Williams, and Jay Nash
35
Q

what contributions did Charles McCloy give to modern physical education?

A
  • belief that physical education should develop individuals’ physical fitness and sport skills
  • encouraged teaching of sport skill
  • standardized assessments
36
Q

what contributions did Dudley Sargent give to modern physical education?

A
  • focused on measurement of strength and power to create individualized programs
  • designed exercise machines
37
Q

what contributions did Rosalind Cassidy give to modern physical education?

A
  • established movement education, a big influence on elementary school curricula
  • encourages students to use problem solving when learning challenging movement
38
Q

what are Coakley’s five social theories?

A
  1. Functionalist Theory
  2. Conflict Theory
  3. Critical Theory
  4. Feminist Theory
  5. Interactionist Theory
39
Q

what is the functionalist theory?

what is an example of a research question?

What are it’s weaknesses?

A
  • states that society is an organized system of parts that help it to run smoothly
  • assumes sport benefits and inspires all of society
  • question: does sport participaion influence positive social development?
  • weakness: does not acknowledge sport as a social construction, overstates the positives, assumes everyone’s needs are the same
40
Q

what is the conflict theory?

what is an example of a research question?

What are it’s weaknesses?

A
  • focuses on how sports are shaped by economics and how wealthy people use this theory to increase their power and influence
  • question: How are sports related to socio-economic inequality in society?
    weakness: assumes all aspects of human life are economically determined, underestimates the importance of gender, race ethnicity, age… to identify/relate to others and when organizing social worlds
41
Q

what is the critical theory?

what is an example of a research question?

What are it’s weaknesses?

A
  • Focuses on how cultural ideologies are produced and the problems that affect the lives of those who lack power
  • question: Whose voices are/are not represented in the narratives and images that constitute sports?
  • weakness: uses confusing vocabularies that make it difficult to merge critical ideas and theories, no guidelines to assess the effectiveness of change in social worlds
42
Q

what is the feminist theory?

what is an example of a research question?

What are it’s weaknesses?

A
  • States that sport is a gendered activity
  • question: In what ways have women been excluded from participating in sports?
  • weakness: more research is needed, slow to make connections between gender and issues of age, race….
43
Q

what is the interactionist theory?

what is an example of a research question?

What are it’s weaknesses?

A
  • States that social order is created by people as they interact with each other
  • question: How do people become involved in sport?
  • weakness: doesn’t clearly explain how meaning, identity, and interaction are related to social structures, ignores issues of power in society
44
Q

describe the athletic programs in early Athens.

A
  • physical education was for males
  • physical education developed males’ physical and mental abilities
  • trained in gymnasiums and palaestras
  • displayed physical prowess at festivals
45
Q

describe the athletic programs in late Athens.

A
  • physical education was demonstrated by soldiers and professional athletes
  • de-emphasis on physical education as they didn’t have to train as soldiers
  • displayed physical prowess at games and festivals
46
Q

describe the athletic programs in Roman Republic.

A
  • parents taught sons how to physically and mentally prepare for war
  • males went to military camps with their fathers
  • did not have contest, but watched offered sacrifices and watched others compete
47
Q

describe the athletic programs in Roman Empire.

A
  • athletics were for professional gladiators and charioteers
  • common people spent their days attending festivals
  • gambling on athletics was big
48
Q

describe the Ancient Olympic Games.

A
  • every 4 years at Olympia, for 5 days in August
  • Honouring Zeus
  • Reinforced the relationship between religion and athletics
49
Q

what games were held at the Ancient Olympic Games?

A
  • chariot race
  • horse race
  • pentathlon
  • footrace
  • wrestling
  • boxing
50
Q

describe the Modern Olympic Games.

A
  • every 4 years at different locations around the world
  • founded by Pierre de Coubertin
  • symbol of the 5 interlocking rings
51
Q

what games are held at the Modern Olympic Games?

A
  • gymnastics
  • tennis
  • track and field
52
Q

what are the similarities between the Ancient and Modern Olympic Games?

A

similarities:
- every 4 years
- opening ceremony where players take an oath for fair plain

53
Q

what are the differences between the Ancient and Modern Olympic Games?

A

differences:
- number of women participants increased
- commercialization of the game
- treatment of spectators and athletes
- eligibility (men had to be free, greek born males)

KINS 1161 (14 decks)

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