Part B Midterm Exam Flashcards
what are the 4 ideologies that were presented in class?
- Gender Ideology
- Racial Ideology
- Social Class Ideology
- Ableist Ideology
what is gender ideology?
what are its 3 central beliefs?
what is an example?
- beliefs that defines masculinity/femininity, evaluates sexual expression, and determines gender roles
- 3 central beliefs: (1) humans are male or female, (2) heterosexuality is the foundation of nature, (3) men are stronger and more rational
example) women were not able to compete in the early Olympics
what is racial ideology?
what are its 3 central beliefs?
what is an example?
- beliefs that classify humans into categories based on biology in relation to internal attributes
- 3 central beliefs: (1) humans are classified by race, (2) intellect and characteristics vary by race, (3) white people only have white ancestors
example) racial injustice in the United States surrounding police brutality
what is social class ideology?
what are its 3 central beliefs?
what is an example?
- beliefs used to evaluate material status and economic success
- 3 central ideas: (1) everyone can be successful, (2) meritocracy > people who deserve it are successful and failure is due to poor choice and laziness
example) a rich white kid has more opportunity than anyone else
what is ableist ideology?
what are its 3 central beliefs?
what is an
example?
- beliefs that identify people are physically/intellectually disabled in order to justify exclusion and injustice
- 3 central ideas: (1) people are normal or disabled, (2) disability exists when impairments interfere with everyday life, (3) disabled people are inferior to normal people
example) disabled people are refused a job despite their capabilities
what is moral reasoning?
a systematic process of evaluating personal values and developing a set of moral principals to live by
what are the 3 steps of moral reasoning?
- moral knowing - addressing moral issues and deciding how to solve them
- moral valuing - making decisions about what you believe
- moral acting - behaviour based on knowledge and beliefs
what was the “Battle of the Systems”?
a debate on which system of gymnastics could provide a unified, national program for the United States
which 5 systems were involved in the “Battle of the Systems”?
- german gymnastics
- swedish gymnastics
- hitchcock’s program
- sargent’s system
- association gymnastics
what is german gymnastics?
the use of physical activity to develop individual abilities for strong youth to go to war
what is swedish gymnastics?
the use of physical activity to promote health, correct expression, and beauty of performance using exact movement patterns
what is hitchcock’s program?
the use of physical activity to emphasize hygiene through required exercise
what is sargent’s system?
provided individualized exercises on exercise machines
what is association gymnastics?
contributed to the development of the all-around man
what are the 5 steps of the research process?
step 1: develop a research question
step 2: select a theory and research method
step 3: collect and analyze data
step 4: use findings to produce conclusions
step 5: publish results for validity and reliability
how do you develop a research question?
- start with observations
- produce questions based on observations
- review sources to see if your questions have already been answered
what are 3 theories used for research?
- cultural theory
- interactionist theory
- structural theory
what is cultural theory?
what is an example?
- an explanation for the way people think and express values in their social world
example) impact of racial ideology on sport participation choices
what is interactionist theory?
what is an example?
- explains the relationships through which people give meaning to sport experiences and how they integrate them into their lives
example) process of normalizing pain and injury in sport
what is structural theory?
what is an example?
- explains different social organizations and how they influence actions and relationships
example) who benefits when public money builds stadiums for pro sport teams
what are the 2 types of research methods?
- Quantitative method
- statistical data to study general patterns
example) graphs - Qualitative method
- observational data
example) interviews
why are symbols important when collecting an analyzing data for a research project?
symbols are a concrete representation of values, beliefs, and moral principals around how people organize their ways of life
how did the Colin Kaepernick x Nike advertisement challenge traditional ideologies about gender, race, ability, and social class?
gender: a girl who was a homecoming queen and a linebacker
race: nike hijab
ability: wrestler with no legs
social class: Serena Williams, from Compton
why did the Colin Kaepernick x Nike advertisement receive backlash?
Colin Kaepernick, former NFL player, protested against racial injustice and police brutality by taking a knee during the US national anthem
what 2 models are used to explain socialization?
which is used most often?
- social interaction model
- personal internalization model
social interaction model is used more often
what is the social interaction model?
what research method is used (qualitative or quantitative)?
- organized around a combination of cultural, interactionist, and structural theories
- assumes that we learn values and norms through interaction with others and participating in social worlds
- qualitative method (interviews)
what is the personal internalization method?
what research method is used (qualitative or quantitative)?
- states that social learning occurs when people interpret the rules of society as they go through life
- assumes that socialization is a one-way process and learning occurs automatically
- quantitative method (surveys)
what are social constructions?
parts of a social world created by people as they interact with each other under specific conditions
how are sports social constructions?
sports is a social world created by viewers, players, and sponsors who interact about sports
what is philosophy?
- the love, study, or pursuit of wisdom, knowledge, and truth
- what we know, how we know it, and why it is important to know
why is philosophy import to physical education, exercise science and sport?
- helps to understand the meaning of sport, why people believe and behave the way they do
- bring purpose to sport
who are 5 leaders that contributed to modern physical education?
- Luther Gulick
- Delphine Hanna
- Charles McCloy
- Dudley Sargent
- Rosalind Cassidy
What contributions did Luther Gulick give to modern physical education?
The Play Movement
- established Play Association of America and Playground Association of America building
- building recreational services for the public
- children were encouraged to be active and removed from work
What contributions did Delphine Hanna give to modern physical education?
- anthropometrics to create exercise programs for college women
- influenced physical educators such as Luther Gulick, Thomas Wood, Jesse Williams, and Jay Nash
what contributions did Charles McCloy give to modern physical education?
- belief that physical education should develop individuals’ physical fitness and sport skills
- encouraged teaching of sport skill
- standardized assessments
what contributions did Dudley Sargent give to modern physical education?
- focused on measurement of strength and power to create individualized programs
- designed exercise machines
what contributions did Rosalind Cassidy give to modern physical education?
- established movement education, a big influence on elementary school curricula
- encourages students to use problem solving when learning challenging movement
what are Coakley’s five social theories?
- Functionalist Theory
- Conflict Theory
- Critical Theory
- Feminist Theory
- Interactionist Theory
what is the functionalist theory?
what is an example of a research question?
What are it’s weaknesses?
- states that society is an organized system of parts that help it to run smoothly
- assumes sport benefits and inspires all of society
- question: does sport participaion influence positive social development?
- weakness: does not acknowledge sport as a social construction, overstates the positives, assumes everyone’s needs are the same
what is the conflict theory?
what is an example of a research question?
What are it’s weaknesses?
- focuses on how sports are shaped by economics and how wealthy people use this theory to increase their power and influence
- question: How are sports related to socio-economic inequality in society?
weakness: assumes all aspects of human life are economically determined, underestimates the importance of gender, race ethnicity, age… to identify/relate to others and when organizing social worlds
what is the critical theory?
what is an example of a research question?
What are it’s weaknesses?
- Focuses on how cultural ideologies are produced and the problems that affect the lives of those who lack power
- question: Whose voices are/are not represented in the narratives and images that constitute sports?
- weakness: uses confusing vocabularies that make it difficult to merge critical ideas and theories, no guidelines to assess the effectiveness of change in social worlds
what is the feminist theory?
what is an example of a research question?
What are it’s weaknesses?
- States that sport is a gendered activity
- question: In what ways have women been excluded from participating in sports?
- weakness: more research is needed, slow to make connections between gender and issues of age, race….
what is the interactionist theory?
what is an example of a research question?
What are it’s weaknesses?
- States that social order is created by people as they interact with each other
- question: How do people become involved in sport?
- weakness: doesn’t clearly explain how meaning, identity, and interaction are related to social structures, ignores issues of power in society
describe the athletic programs in early Athens.
- physical education was for males
- physical education developed males’ physical and mental abilities
- trained in gymnasiums and palaestras
- displayed physical prowess at festivals
describe the athletic programs in late Athens.
- physical education was demonstrated by soldiers and professional athletes
- de-emphasis on physical education as they didn’t have to train as soldiers
- displayed physical prowess at games and festivals
describe the athletic programs in Roman Republic.
- parents taught sons how to physically and mentally prepare for war
- males went to military camps with their fathers
- did not have contest, but watched offered sacrifices and watched others compete
describe the athletic programs in Roman Empire.
- athletics were for professional gladiators and charioteers
- common people spent their days attending festivals
- gambling on athletics was big
describe the Ancient Olympic Games.
- every 4 years at Olympia, for 5 days in August
- Honouring Zeus
- Reinforced the relationship between religion and athletics
what games were held at the Ancient Olympic Games?
- chariot race
- horse race
- pentathlon
- footrace
- wrestling
- boxing
describe the Modern Olympic Games.
- every 4 years at different locations around the world
- founded by Pierre de Coubertin
- symbol of the 5 interlocking rings
what games are held at the Modern Olympic Games?
- gymnastics
- tennis
- track and field
what are the similarities between the Ancient and Modern Olympic Games?
similarities:
- every 4 years
- opening ceremony where players take an oath for fair plain
what are the differences between the Ancient and Modern Olympic Games?
differences:
- number of women participants increased
- commercialization of the game
- treatment of spectators and athletes
- eligibility (men had to be free, greek born males)
