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KINS 1161 > Chapter 8: Deviance in Sports > Flashcards

Chapter 8: Deviance in Sports Flashcards

1
Q

what is a norm?

A

a shared expectation that people use to identify what is acceptable and unacceptable in a social world

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2
Q

what is deviance?

A

occurs when a person’s ideas, traits, or actions fall outside of the normal range of acceptance in society

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3
Q

what are formal norms? give an example.

A
  • official expectations in written rules or laws
  • enforced by “officials”

ex) a basketball fouling their opponent

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4
Q

what are informal norms? give an example.

A
  • customs or unwritten, shared understandings of how a person is expected to think, appear, and act in a social world
    ex) Colin Kaepernick kneeling to the flag was not following informal norms
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5
Q

what is formal deviance?

A
  • violation of an official rule or low

- administered by people with authority

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6
Q

what is informal deviance?

A
  • violation of an unwritten custom or shared understanding

- punishment administered by observers/peers

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7
Q

what are the 4 challenged that occur when studying deviance in sport?

A
  1. types and causes of deviance are so diverse that no single theory can explain them all
  2. actions accepted in sports may be deviant in other aspects of society
  3. deviance in sport often involves overconformity rather than underconformity
  4. sports use new science and technology and norms have not developed around it
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8
Q

what are the 2 approaches used to study deviance?

A
  1. absolutist approach

2. constructionist approach

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9
Q

what is the absolutist approach?

A
  • assumes social norms are based on essential principals and has an unchanging foundation
  • believe that deviance is caused by weak/distorted characteristics of an individual
  • in order to control deviance, more rules are required
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10
Q

what is the constructionist approach?

A
  • assumes deviance occurs when a person falls outside of the social boundaries
  • based on a combination of cultural, interactionist, and structural theories
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11
Q

what are the 6 points emphasized in the constructionist approach?

A
  1. norms are socially constructed as people interact with each other
  2. deviance is socially constructed based on what is socially accepted
  3. normative boundaries and social acceptance is influence by people in power
  4. most ideals fall into the range of acceptance, anything outside is under/overconformity
  5. deviant underconformity is a rejection of social norms and anarchy is the social condition that exists when underconformity leads to chaos
  6. deviant overconformity is an uncritical acceptance of social norms with failure to recognize limits to actions and fascism is the social condition that exists when there is unlimited obedience to leaders
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12
Q

what is deviant underconformity? give an example.

A

consists of ideas, traits, and actions that reject social norms, or the ignorance about their existence

ex) bar fighting, sexual assault

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13
Q

what is anarchy?

A

the social condition that exists what underconformity leads to chaos/disorder

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14
Q

what is deviant overconformity? give an example.

A
  • consists of ideas, traits, and actions that indicate uncritical acceptance of norms
  • an uncritical acceptance of norms and failure to recognize limits/boundaries

ex) playing through injury

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15
Q

what is fascism?

A

the social condition that exists when overconformity is based on unlimited obedience to norms or to commands of leaders

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16
Q

what is an ethic?

A

an interrelated set of norms or standards used to guide and evaluate ideas, traits, and actions in a social world

17
Q

what are the 4 general norms of the sport ethic?

A
  1. athletes are dedicated to “the game” above all other things
  2. athletes strive for distinction, to be at their max potential
  3. athletes accept risks and play through pain
  4. athletes accept no obstacles in the pursuit of success in sports
18
Q

what is the culture of risk?

A

the acceptance of the uncertainty, danger, and consequences of their actions

19
Q

why is deviant overconformity praised while underconformity is condemned?

A
  • deviant overconformity is entertaining to watch and emphasized the importance of sport values (dedication, hard work, achievement)
  • deviant underconformity threatens the sports values
20
Q

what is hubris?

A

pride-driven arrogance and an inflated sense of self-importance that causes one to feel superior to others

21
Q

what are the 4 steps that lead to hubris among athletes?

A
  1. they bond together in ways that encourage and normalize overconformity
  2. collective overconformity creates a sense of specialness, separating athletes from the community while inspiring fans
  3. unique experiences causes athletes to feel entitled
  4. athletes see people outside sport culture as incapable of understanding them and their lives
22
Q

why is most research on deviance in sports based on underconformity vs. overconformity?

A
  • overconformity challenges the great sport myth

- hard to collect data for overconformity because people do not want to talk about the things they do as overconformity

23
Q

what are 3 reasons of why deviance has increased?

A
  1. constant addition of new rules causes more ways of deviance
  2. surveillance technologies increases the detection of violations
  3. status and financial rewards are higher so there is more incentive to cheat
24
Q

what are 4 reasons for why cheating, corruption and harassment occurs in sport organizations?

A
  1. sport governing bodies are self-policing
  2. officials face conflict of interest because they serve at the pleasure of people in power
  3. people in power lack experience that allows them to administer the system of rule enforcement
  4. officials have been groomed for their positions
25
Q

what is institutional corruption? how do we make it better in sports?

A
  • an established process/practice that would be seen as immoral, unethical, or illegal if seen by the public eye
  • abandon self-enforcement and turn all enforcement matters over to an independent outside agency
26
Q

what is a rite of passage?

A

an institutionalized cultural ritual that marks a transition from one status to another

27
Q

what is an initiation?

A

an expected, public, and formal ceremony that marks entry into a group or organization

28
Q

what is hazing?

A

a secret, private, interpersonal process that reaffirms a hierarchical status between incoming and existing group members

29
Q

what is bullying?

A

aggressive acts that are meant to intimidate, exploit, or harm another person

30
Q

what are 3 reasons for why hazing is difficult to classify as deviant/acceptable

A
  1. high school and college athletes are aware of hazing and expect if when becoming a new member of a team
  2. most athletes who are hazed perceive it as positive or uncertain about their experience
  3. hazing often involves humiliation, alcohol consumption, and sex acts that athletes keep private
31
Q

what are 3 problems that occur in research studies about delinquency rates among athletes?

A
  1. students with a history of delinquency are less likely to try out and be selected for sports teams
  2. athletes may receive special treatment
  3. athletes may conform in public and violate laws in private
32
Q

why do sport programs for “at youth risks” not help?

A

they do nothing to change unemployment, poverty, racism and poor schools

33
Q

what is the relationship between alcohol use and sport participation?

A
  • athletes are more likely to engage is alcohol consumption than other students
  • alcohol consumption is dependent on the team culture
34
Q

why do athletes use performance enhancing substances?

A

to survive and succeed in elite sports

35
Q

what are the 5 phases of the brissonnuae’s model for being a pro athlete?

A
  1. discovering the culture of a particular sport
  2. setting goals and aspiring to be a pro through joining clubs/teams
  3. sport is a job, discovering legal substances to enhance performance
  4. job turns into a championship, overconformity is normal, sport is who they are
  5. return to the ordinary world causing confusion/depression
36
Q

what is the world anti-doping code?

A
  • guidelines for Olympic sports

- any use of banned performance enhancing substances is deviant and violates ideals represented by sport

37
Q

what are 5 ways in which we can control overconformity?

A
  1. examine hypocrisy
  2. athletes cannot play until considered well by 2 independent physicians or medical personnel
  3. establish an injury and health education program for athletes
  4. establish health based guidelines for sport scientists, coaches, and managers
  5. drugs and substance education as a part of health education programs

KINS 1161 (14 decks)

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