Chapter 12: Race and Ethnicity

Question 1

what is race?

Answer 1

a population of people who are believed to be biologically distinct from other populations

Question 2

what is ethnicity?

Answer 2

a cultural heritage people use to identify a particular population

Question 3

what is an ethnic population?

Answer 3

a category of people seen as socially distinct because they share a way of life, collective history, and sense of themselves as people

Question 4

what is a minority?

Answer 4

a socially identified population that has disadvantages and faces discrimination

Question 5

what is the difference between race and ethnicity?

Answer 5

• race is based on a classification of physical traits

- ethnicity is based on the existence of shared culture

Question 6

what are racial ideologies?

Answer 6

ideas and beliefs used to classify humans in categories of biology and attributes (intelligence, physical ability)

Question 7

what are 3 reasons for why the racial ideology was accepted?

Answer 7

1. white people used it to justify killing, capturing, and confining “indians” to reserves
2. to justify the laws restricting the lives of black people
3. scientists at prestigious universities did research on the superiority of whites and inferiority of blacks

Question 8

what is the Human Genome Project?

Answer 8

a demonstration that external traits are not genetically linked with patterns of internal differences among human

Question 9

what is an example of a continuous physical trait?

Answer 9

• skin color

- height

Question 10

what is racism?

Answer 10

attitudes, actions, and policies based on the belief that people in one racial category are superior to people in another category

Question 11

what are the 3 beliefs of the racial ideology?

Answer 11

people in certain populations are…

1. childlike beings in need of external control
2. subhuman beings that can be exploited without guilt
3. forms of property that can be bought/sold
4. evil beings that should be exterminated

Question 12

what is genocide?

Answer 12

the systematic destruction of an identifiable population

Question 13

what are racial stereotypes?

Answer 13

generalizations used to define/judge individuals in a racial category

Question 14

how is race similar to gender?

Answer 14

it consists of meaning, performance, and organization

Question 15

why did white people feel as though the success of black athletes were meaningless?

Answer 15

black people were driven by animal instincts rather than heroic and moral character that white athletes had

Question 16

why has Native American sport participation been limited?

Answer 16

• high rates of poverty and poor health
• lack of equipment and facilities
• little support from people who control sports

Question 17

what are challenges Native Americans face when playing in high performance sports?

Answer 17

• white coaches try to strip their cultural tradition

- if players do not confine to western culture they are not recruited

Question 18

what are the 3 categories of Latinos?

Answer 18

1. U.S. born and naturalized citizens
2. Latin Americans working as athletes
3. workers and their family members in the U.S. without legal approval

Question 19

what are Anglos?

Answer 19

white people with European ancestry

Question 20

why are first-generation Latinas less likely to participate in sports?

Answer 20

their parents expect them to do house-hold tasks such as cleaning, cooking, taking care of siblings

Question 21

what was a way for black people to be accepted into high league sports in the U.S.?

Answer 21

learnt spanish and took spanish names to pass as cubans or dominicans

Question 22

what are the barriers Latino players face when coming to play in the U.S.?

Answer 22

• significant cultural adjustment
• language barriers
• people don’t understand their culture

Question 23

what happens to many Latino players who come and play in the U.S.?

Answer 23

• the barriers keep them from moving past the minor leagues

- find ways to stay in the States working low-wage jobs, undocumented

Question 24

what are 3 ways that sports is related to ethnicity?

Answer 24

1. they can be used to break down social/cultural barriers, discredit stereotypes, and facilitate assimilation
2. used by ethnic groups to preserve relationships and bridge the gap between them and U.S. culture
3. maintain segregated lifestyles preventing people from understanding each others culture

Question 25

what are youth sport leagues used to create relationships for asian pacific americans?

Answer 25

to meet others asian families to keep asian culture alive through the connections made with other people

Question 26

what are 3 primary expressions of racism in soccer?

Answer 26

1. direct racism
2. indirect racism
3. racism on the field

Question 27

what is direct racism? give an example.

Answer 27

when fans insult players for ethnic, racial, or religious reasons

ex) throwing bananas and making money sounds at players with African ancestry

Question 28

what is indirect racism?

Answer 28

when fans use chants/banners that promote discrimination for a political reason such as immigration restriction

Question 29

what is racism on the field? give an example.

Answer 29

negative racial, ethnic, or religious comments made by/to players, coaches, and referees

ex) players using slurs to insult players/referees

Question 30

what are 3 challenges related to racial and ethnic relations in sports today?

Answer 30

1. eliminating racial and ethnic exclusion in sport participation
2. dealing with managing racial and ethnic diversity by creating an inclusive culture
3. integration positions of power in sport organizations

Question 31

what are the 6 conditions in which racial and ethnic diversity will occur in sports?

Answer 31

1. when people in power benefit from recruiting the best players despite skin color
2. when athlete performance is measured in objective terms
3. when the entire team benefits from a good performance by a teammate
4. when excellence on the playing field doesn’t give a player more power
5. when friendship between players is not a requirement for team success
6. when all athletes are controlled by people in power

Question 32

what is a racial and gender report card?

Answer 32

• data on the racial and ethnic composition of players in major professional team sports
• analysis of the number/types of jobs held by women and people of color in professional sports organizations