Chapter 12: Race and Ethnicity Flashcards
what is race?
a population of people who are believed to be biologically distinct from other populations
what is ethnicity?
a cultural heritage people use to identify a particular population
what is an ethnic population?
a category of people seen as socially distinct because they share a way of life, collective history, and sense of themselves as people
what is a minority?
a socially identified population that has disadvantages and faces discrimination
what is the difference between race and ethnicity?
- race is based on a classification of physical traits
- ethnicity is based on the existence of shared culture
what are racial ideologies?
ideas and beliefs used to classify humans in categories of biology and attributes (intelligence, physical ability)
what are 3 reasons for why the racial ideology was accepted?
- white people used it to justify killing, capturing, and confining “indians” to reserves
- to justify the laws restricting the lives of black people
- scientists at prestigious universities did research on the superiority of whites and inferiority of blacks
what is the Human Genome Project?
a demonstration that external traits are not genetically linked with patterns of internal differences among human
what is an example of a continuous physical trait?
- skin color
- height
what is racism?
attitudes, actions, and policies based on the belief that people in one racial category are superior to people in another category
what are the 3 beliefs of the racial ideology?
people in certain populations are…
- childlike beings in need of external control
- subhuman beings that can be exploited without guilt
- forms of property that can be bought/sold
- evil beings that should be exterminated
what is genocide?
the systematic destruction of an identifiable population
what are racial stereotypes?
generalizations used to define/judge individuals in a racial category
how is race similar to gender?
it consists of meaning, performance, and organization
why did white people feel as though the success of black athletes were meaningless?
black people were driven by animal instincts rather than heroic and moral character that white athletes had
why has Native American sport participation been limited?
- high rates of poverty and poor health
- lack of equipment and facilities
- little support from people who control sports
what are challenges Native Americans face when playing in high performance sports?
- white coaches try to strip their cultural tradition
- if players do not confine to western culture they are not recruited
what are the 3 categories of Latinos?
- U.S. born and naturalized citizens
- Latin Americans working as athletes
- workers and their family members in the U.S. without legal approval
what are Anglos?
white people with European ancestry
why are first-generation Latinas less likely to participate in sports?
their parents expect them to do house-hold tasks such as cleaning, cooking, taking care of siblings
what was a way for black people to be accepted into high league sports in the U.S.?
learnt spanish and took spanish names to pass as cubans or dominicans
what are the barriers Latino players face when coming to play in the U.S.?
- significant cultural adjustment
- language barriers
- people don’t understand their culture
what happens to many Latino players who come and play in the U.S.?
- the barriers keep them from moving past the minor leagues
- find ways to stay in the States working low-wage jobs, undocumented
what are 3 ways that sports is related to ethnicity?
- they can be used to break down social/cultural barriers, discredit stereotypes, and facilitate assimilation
- used by ethnic groups to preserve relationships and bridge the gap between them and U.S. culture
- maintain segregated lifestyles preventing people from understanding each others culture
what are youth sport leagues used to create relationships for asian pacific americans?
to meet others asian families to keep asian culture alive through the connections made with other people
what are 3 primary expressions of racism in soccer?
- direct racism
- indirect racism
- racism on the field
what is direct racism? give an example.
when fans insult players for ethnic, racial, or religious reasons
ex) throwing bananas and making money sounds at players with African ancestry
what is indirect racism?
when fans use chants/banners that promote discrimination for a political reason such as immigration restriction
what is racism on the field? give an example.
negative racial, ethnic, or religious comments made by/to players, coaches, and referees
ex) players using slurs to insult players/referees
what are 3 challenges related to racial and ethnic relations in sports today?
- eliminating racial and ethnic exclusion in sport participation
- dealing with managing racial and ethnic diversity by creating an inclusive culture
- integration positions of power in sport organizations
what are the 6 conditions in which racial and ethnic diversity will occur in sports?
- when people in power benefit from recruiting the best players despite skin color
- when athlete performance is measured in objective terms
- when the entire team benefits from a good performance by a teammate
- when excellence on the playing field doesn’t give a player more power
- when friendship between players is not a requirement for team success
- when all athletes are controlled by people in power
what is a racial and gender report card?
- data on the racial and ethnic composition of players in major professional team sports
- analysis of the number/types of jobs held by women and people of color in professional sports organizations
