Chapter 9: Violence in Sports Flashcards
what is violence?
the use of excessive physical force causing harm or destruction
what is aggression?
verbal or physical actions with the intent to dominate, control, or do harm to another person
what is intimidation?
words, gestures, and actions that threaten violence or aggression
why is violence still an issue in modern sports?
- the goal of modern sports is to create tension rather than eliminate it
- supports the ideology that men are more powerful than women
what are the 4 types of violence in sport? give an example of each.
- brutal body contact
ex) hits, tackles, body check - borderline violence
ex) forced elbow/knee in basketball - quasi-criminal violence
ex) cheap shots, sucker punches - criminal violence
ex) assaults that occur after games
what are 4 reasons for why violence occurs in sports today?
- overconformity to the sport ethic
- commercialization
- defining masculinity
- competitive strategy
how does using intimidation, aggression, and violence help athletes achieve competitive success?
- increase in violent drama increases spectators
- increases the publicity for themselves and their sport
what are enforcers?
a player whose goal is to intimidate the opponent through violence for the team
what is the relationship between head trauma and the development of chronic traumatic encephalopathy?
the more head traumas one gets, the higher the risk of developing CTE
what is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)?
- neurodegenerative disease
- symptoms similar to early dementia: impairment to memory, reasoning, language, problem solving, emotional control, inability to focus
what are 4 reasons for why former college players decided to sue the NCAA?
- long established pattern of negligence and inaction related to protecting players from head trauma
- failed to teach proper tackling techniques to avoid head trauma
- failed to implement system-wide procedures for dealing with concussions on the field
- failed to educate student-athletes about head trauma and concussion issues
what are the regulations and protocols that protect youth who play sports? why might these regulations not work?
- there are rules about reporting concussions, how to deal with then during events, and how to treat athletes who experienced concussions
- might not work because the players will have to report their injury and it must be diagnosed by a medical personnel
what are 2 reasons that show how violence is not a result of playing sports?
- violent sports may attract people who are already violent
- off-the-field violence may be due to unique circumstances (taunting, challenged)
why are some cases of sexual assaults not reported?
- victims may feel intimidated by fans and representatives of teams
- settlements may be made
- verdicts may be debated after the trial has been held
what is the argument used when stating violence is more prevalent in today’s sports?
- high school games were a site for gang wars
- spectators brought guns to the games and fired when their team was losing
what issues are involved when crowd violence occurs?
- gender
- race
- ethnic
- social-class
why is spectator violence less common at North American venues?
- fear of injuring children and the vulnerable
- north american fans see sport events separate from social and political realities
why does spectator violence occur more frequently in other parts of the world (other than North America)?
- sport venues are a place where they can express themselves more freely
- media coverage at the events allows them to be seen more publicly and taken more seriously
what are the patterns that occur during panics at sport venues?
spectators are frightened and rush to limited or locked exits where many people are trampled/crushed to death
what is emotional contagion?
a process through which social norms are formed rapidly and are followed in a spontaneous manner by a lot of people
what are celebratory riots?
dangerous and destructive crowd violence that occurs in celebration to team victory
what are the 6 general conditions of a celebratory riot?
- natural urban gathering place for fans
- presence of a group of young, white men
- strong identification with the team
- an event with high stakes
- a key or deciding game in a playoff/championship series
- a close, exciting contest
what are frustration riots?
riots that occur after the loss of a team
what 6 factors can be used to pre-determine the spectator violence?
- crowd size and standing/seating patterns
- composition of the crowd (age, sex, race)
- importance and meaning of the event
- history between the teams and spectators
- alcohol consumption
- location of the event
what are ways to decrease spectator violence at games?
- players and coaches making public announcements emphasizing respect for the game and opponents
- use of competent and professional officials
- referees discussing their intolerance for violence
- organizing pregame unity rituals covered by the media for fans to see
- encouraging family attendance
what is terrorism?
a special form of violence designed to intimidate a target population of people for the purpose of achieving political/social goods
what are 4 factors that make an event attractive targets for terrorism?
- media are on location
- event is communal and represents values and spirits of a community
- provides terrorists opportunity to deliver their political message
- media attention given to the event is a regular reminder of the attack and creates fear
