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Foundations 7 > Parasitology 2 > Flashcards

Parasitology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Important kinetoplastids and dz caused

A 
Trypanosome brucei (sleeping sickenss)
Trypanosoma Cruzi (chagas)
Lesihmania (Leishmaniasis)
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2
Q

Kinetoplasmid features

A

Flagellar pocket
Single mitochondrion with genome in kinetoplasts
Lipid anchored coat proteins
All transmitted by insect vectors

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3
Q

African sleeping sickness, cause and transmission

A

T brucei ganbiense (west coat)
T brucei rhodesiense east coast)
Tsetse fly

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4
Q

T brucei uses what to help invade

A

VSG (antigenic variation)

ABs raised against VSG…different VSG gene expressed and avoid ABs…keeps doing this

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5
Q

Stage 1 of T brucei

A

Infection initiated by bite…forms chancre or Winterbottoms sign…ID prasites in biopsies…gambiense harder to ID

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6
Q

Stage 2 of T brucei

A

Trypanosomes enter bloodstream and start binary fission…activates immune response to VSG (class swithcing enhances survivial)…Symptoms include high fever and fatigue, facial edema, and macular rash on trunk (rhodiense)

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7
Q

Symptoms of T brucei will

A

Will follow pattern of elimination
Rhodesiense will manifest 1-3 weeks after
Gambiense takes much longer

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8
Q

Stage 3 and 4 of T brucei

A

3 - lmyphatic invasion - fever
4 - Involvement of CNS

Gambiense progression takes 9 mos to 3 years
Rhodesiense over 3 months

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9
Q

Chagas dz transmission

A

Riduviid bug defacates on skin while feeding and scratching rubs it into the skin

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10
Q

Chagas life cycle

A

Parasites infect macrophages and differentiate from trypomasitgotes into amastigotes by losing flagella…will turn back into trypomastigotes in order to go back to the vector…differentiate into epimastigote back in the ruduviid bug

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11
Q

Chagas dz

A

Chagoma or Romana’s sign at bite - 5-20 days after
Can lie dormant for many years - affedcts heart, seophagus, and colon

Chagomas occur around the eyes or lips where bugs bite

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12
Q

T cruzi cardiax

A

Destruction of cardiac tissue…immune response damages and replacves with firbotic tissue…hypertrophic thinning of ventricular wall which can lead to heart attack

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13
Q

Other chagas symptoms

A

Megaesophagus and megacolon
Chagas encephalitis - death in 1-2 months
Abortion
Chronic chagas resolves spontaneously but asymptomatic may last for decades
Lipochagomas or lipogranulomas in dermis of adipose tissue

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14
Q

Detection of chagas and periods

A

Can use blood smear, PCR, etc.
Incudbation - 5-20 days (chagoma formation)
Prepatent - 1-2 months
Patent - 20 years

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15
Q

Leishmania dzs and transmission

A

Cutaneous
Mucocutaneous
Visceral (kala azar)

By snadflies of phlobotomus or lutzomyia

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16
Q

Leishmania life cycle

A

Amastigotes ingested and differnetiate into promastigotes…bind to sandfly midgut and proliferate…

In mammal, parasite infects macrophages and differentiate into amastigote…L donovani and visceral will perpetuate amastigtoe cycle in reticular-endothelial system and other internal organs…cutaenous will not…

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17
Q

Cutaneous leishmanias organisms, periods, and diagnosis

A

L tropica and major in Afghan and iraq
L mexicana in new world

Incubation - 2-4 weeks to a year
Prepatent - 1-3 months
Patent - Months

Diagnose with amastigotes in skin biopsies and serodiagnosis

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18
Q

Mucocutaneous leishmanias organism and mech

A

L brasiliensis
Disfiguring of the face due to metastasis of dermis
Target mucous membranes in oral-naso pharyngeal region

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19
Q

Kala azar organisms and periods

A

Old - L donovani and infantum
New - chagasi

Incubation - 10days to a year
Prepatent - 1-3 weeks
Patent - months to year

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20
Q

Kala azar mech

A

Able to replicate in internal organs…will cause heptao and splenomegaly

Hyperactive spleen results in removal of RBCs from circulation causing anemia, hypoalbuminea and hyperglobulimia…Igs deposited on the kidneys…infection of bone marrow leads to secondary infections

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21
Q

Acute symptoms of kala azar

A

Fever peaking at 24 hours…lethargic and cachexic

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22
Q

Post kala azar dermal leishmanieas

A

Resolution of dermal symptoms leaves nodular skin lesions on the face

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23
Q

Detection of kala azar

A

Tissue from biopsies and bone marrow

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24
Q

Nematoda
Cestoda
Trematoda

A

Nematoda - roundworms
Cestoda - tape
Trematoda - flukes

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25
Q

Primary worm routes of infection

A

Ingestion
Skin penetration
Vector mediated

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26
Q

Helminth infection recurring themes

A 
Long term and chronic 
Widespread
Humans can be any kind of host 
Symptoms at all life cycles 
Host response often associated with symtpoms
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27
Q

Host resonse to helminths

A 
Low incidence of severe dz
Morbity but minimal mortality 
Long term and chronic 
Th2 like response 
IgE response with eosinophilia and mast cell responses
28
Q

Generalized helminth life cycle

A

Maturation step results in fertilized egg (embryonation)
Maturation to adult
Male and female adults release eggs (at any stage of embryonation) or live larvae into the environment

29
Q

Humans infected by

A

Eggs from enviornment
Cutaneous penetration of larval stages
ingestion of mean of larval stages
Insect vectors

30
Q

Pathology due to

A

Direct damage
Migration of worm
Immune response

31
Q

Orally ingested pinworms and what they cause

A 
Ascaris lymbricoide (ascariasis)
"non human" ascaridis (visceral larva migrans)

Nematodes

32
Q

Nematode sturcutre

A

Tubular or cylindrical body plan
Ascaris is most common worldwide
Enterobius most common in US

33
Q

Ascariasis geographic and basic mechanism

A

South and SE US

Compete with host for nutrients and cause bowel obstructions

34
Q

Ascariasis life cycle

A

Eggs shed in feces of animal and embryonate in the soil…eggs infect the human host and cross from intestine to liver to heart and eventually lungs…L3 formed in lungs and coughed up to the trachea to the pharynx and then swallowed…release eggs

35
Q

Symptoms of ascariasis and periods

A

Resp symptoms with eosinophilia
Peritonitis
Can occlude bile duct, esophagus, mouth, pancreatic duct and liver
Aggregation can obstruct intestine

incubation - 1 week for lung
3 week for intestines

Most have no symptoms

Live 9-15 months

36
Q

VLM life cycle and pathology

A

Ascarid parasites of dogs and cats…cannot complete cycle in humans

Ingest embryonated eggs…migrate into circulation

Attacked by eosinophils and form granulomas

37
Q

VLM symptoms

A

Ocular damage to the retina from granuloma…often mistaken for retinoblastoma

Most asymptomatic

CNS involvement as well

38
Q

Skin penetrating nematodes

A 
Hook worms 
Animal hookworms (cutaneous larva migrans)
39
Q

Life cycle of hookworm

A

Filarform larval stage penetrates and goes to lungs…get to GI by coughign and swallowing…develop into male and female in the GI and anchor using hooks…female sheds eggs that are partially embryonated and pass through gut

40
Q

Dz of hookworms

A

Cutaneous symtpoms of rash and itching
Focal hemorrhage and allergic pneumonia if in the lungs

Stool appears black, lots of blood loss, anemia, cechexia and breakdown of ciruclation

41
Q

Hookworm periods

A

Incubation - derm - 4h, inteestinal 2 weeks
prepatent - 5-6 weeks (egg)
Patent - 20 years (chronic reinfection)

42
Q

Cutaneous larva migrans

A

Humans are not def host and larvae are developmentally arrested…migrate throug skin and triggers serpiginous rash

Treat with albendazoels

43
Q

Occlusion of lymphatic system by lymphotrophic filial worms results in

A

Elephantitis

44
Q

Filarial worms targeting eye

A

Loa loa

Onchocerca volvulus

45
Q

Cestodes morphological

A

Anterior portion - scolex (attachment)

Proglottids - segments that have both female and male organs

46
Q

Basic cestode life cycle

A

Ingestion of eggs or cyst
Scolex attachment in gut
Maturation of proglottids
Release of gravid proglottids and eggs into feces

47
Q

Cestodes we need to know

A 
Taenia solinum (pok tapeworm) cystercircosis 
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm)
48
Q

Cestode eggs and larvae

A

Eggs released from gravid proglottids and embryonate

Acquire a thicker wall out of which 6 hooks project…this is the infectious oncosphere

49
Q

Beef and pork tapeworms

A

Humans are definitive for both

Eggs are passed only in human feces

50
Q

Taeniasis

A

Intestinal phase of the dz

51
Q

Extranintestinal pathology

A

Cysticercus cellulosa and bovis or intermis

52
Q

Life cycle of tapeworms

A

Worms attached shed gravid proglottids and embryonate to form onchosphere…cannot complete lifecyle cysticerus form in muslce…mature in the human gun to adults

53
Q

Symptoms of tapeworms

A

Weight loss, malnutrition, ab pain, anal itching

54
Q

Ectopic larval stages can cause

A

Brain damage, eye damage, liver damage

Pork will form cysticerus cellulosa

55
Q

Diagnosis of tapeworm and periods

A

Intestinal stages - passing proglittids and eggs in stool
Organ involvement of pork tapeworm
Can remove using surgery

Incubation - 8-10 weeks
Prepatent period - 8 weeks
Patent period - 25 years (intestinal)
2 years (cysticercosis)

56
Q

Trematode organisms

A 
Schistosoma mansoni (intestinal schistosomiasis)
Schistosoma heamotobium (urogen schisto)
Bilharzaria variglandis (cercarial dermititis (swimmers itch)
57
Q

Trematode morpho

A

Leaf or oval shaped
Mating pairs for life
Blind alimentary canal
Locomotion by muscle movement

Many use snails as IM hosts

58
Q

Life cycle of treamtode

A

Cercariae burrow into skin or swallowed…migrate to mesenteric veins around colon or peliv veins around bladder…eggs are shed into feces or urine

59
Q

Intestinal schisto symtpoms

A

Acute symptoms 14-84 days post infection
Fever, headache myalgia…pain and tenderness in upper right quadrant (hepatomegaly)
S mansoni assoicated with resp
Eosinophilia
Coincide with deposition of eggs

60
Q

Chronic schisto (intestinal)

A

Bulk of patho caused by immune response to eggs and granuloma formation…pushes into lumen of the bowel
Intestine and liver are main sites of granuloma

61
Q

Symptoms chronic schisto (intestinal)

A

Hypogastirc pain with blood in the stool
Diarrhea alternates with constipation

Liver - fibrosis due to egg burden causes hepatomegaly…triggers anemia and ascites dueto liver damage

62
Q

Urogen schisto

A

Hematouria
due to deposition of eggs into bladder mucosa and granuloma formation

Woemn susceptible to female genital schistosomiasis

63
Q

Ectopic schisto

A

Pulmonary involvement leads to pulm hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy
CNS involvement

In childhood, can exhibit anemia and growth retardation

64
Q

Intestinal and urinary schisto periods

A

Int , urin
Incubation - 1-3 weeks, 4-7 week
Prepatent - 4-7 weeks, 9-10 weeks
Patent - 25 years, 25 weeks

65
Q

Tx of ectopic schisto

A

Praziquantel and tetrahydroquinolones

66
Q

Microbilharzaria variglandis

A

Swimmers itch
Cercarial dermatitis
Infection is a dead end
Rash and localized edema treated with steroids/antihistamine

Foundations 7 (19 decks)

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