Immunity to Viruses

Question 1

Extracellular viral infections location and immunity

Answer 1

Interstital space, blood, lymph

Complement, phago, AB

Question 2

Intracellular viral infection location and immunity

Answer 2

Cytoplasmic

NK and CD8s

Question 3

Phases of infection

Answer 3

Established when it hits certain level
Inductive phase - innate
Effector phase - adaptive
Memory phase

Question 4

Innate immunity of viruses primarily

Answer 4

Type 1 IFNs and NK cells
Type 1 IFNs produced by infected cells reduces ability to expand
Also activate NK cells to kill to the infected cells

Question 5

Adaptive immunity of viruses primarily

Answer 5

CTLs and ABs
ABs will neutralized
CD8 will eradicate the infection by killing the infected cells

Question 6

Viruses that enter in vesicle process

Answer 6

TLR3 (dsRNA), TLR7 (ssRNA), TLR8 (ssRNA), and TLR9 (CpG DNA) recognize and activate IRF 3 and 7…leads to transcription of IFN alpha and beta

Question 7

DNA viruses enter cytoplasmic

Answer 7

Activates STING…activates IRF3 and 7…leads to IFN alpha and beta

Question 8

RNA viruses enter cytoplasmic

Answer 8

Activate RIG1 and MDA 5…activate IRF 3 and 7…increase IFNalpha and IFNbeta

Question 9

Effect of IFNalpha and beta

Answer 9

Induce resistance to viral replication
Increase expression of ligands for NK cell receptors
Activate NK cells to kill

Question 10

Process of NK cell activation by infected cell

Answer 10

Interferons trigger proliferation and differentation (formation of cytotoxic) of NK cells…NK cells can then bind and induce apoptosis

Question 11

Macrophage activation of NK cell

Answer 11

Secrete IL-12 or CXCL8…NK cell binds…NK cell proliferates and differentiate into effector NK cells nd secrete IFNgamma…IFN gamma activates the macrophages to help them kill

Question 12

AB resistance to viruses

Answer 12

IgA will bind and prevent binding to potential host cells

Question 13

CD4 activation by dendritic cell with virus

Answer 13

Macropinocytosis and presented on MHC class 2

Question 14

CD8 activation by dendritic cell with virus

Answer 14

Infected and presented
Can use cross-presentation of exogenous viral antigens
Can transfer from cell to cell

Present on MHC class 1

Question 15

Dendritic cell that can activate CD8 on its own

Answer 15

CD28 (on T cell) binds B7…also have MHC class 1 binding to TCR

CD8 makes IL-2 to drive its own proliferation

Question 16

Dendritic cell than needs CD4 help to activate CD8 cell

Answer 16

CD4 cell uses CD28/B7 interaction to bind

CD4 produces IL-2 which activates CD8 cells

Question 17

What do you need to activate T cell vs. kill

Answer 17

Activate - need B7/CD28, co-stim, and IL-2 (proliferation and differentiation)...this occurs in lymph nodes or spleen 
Kill - just need MHC class 1/TCR binding...occurs aywhere

Question 18

How many cells can a CD8 cell kill?

Answer 18

More than 1

Question 19

H1N1 synopsis

Answer 19

Human influenza virus and avian (in this case from a pig) influenza virus came in contact and combined genetic material…different HA and NA means different nucleus and glycoproteins on the outside