Parasitic infections

Question 1

Cause of Sleeping sickness/Human African trypanosomiaisis

Answer 1

Trypanosoma bruci

Question 2

Cause of changas disease

Answer 2

Trypanosoma cruzi

Question 3

Neglected tropical disease =

Answer 3

important in terms of the amount of people effected but for many years not much research or treatment directed at them

Question 4

Ex of parasitic organisms

Answer 4

Protozoa
Arthropods
Helminths

Question 5

Protozoa:

Answer 5

Unicellular, eukaryotic, divide in host

Question 6

Helminths:

Answer 6

Parasitic worms, multicellular, eukaryotic

Question 7

Ex of protozoa

Answer 7

Plasmodium, Trypansoma, toxoplasmosis

Question 8

Ex of helminths

Answer 8

Echinococcus granulosus, Liver fluke, ascaris lumcricoides

Question 9

Ideas underpinning anti-protozoal agents:

Answer 9

Relatively rapidly proliferating, young, growing cells

Question 10

Ideas underpinning anti-helminthic agents:

Answer 10

Target non-proliferating, adult organisms

Question 11

Ex of targets for anti-protozoal agents:

Answer 11

• Nucleic acid synthesis
• Protein synthesis
• Specific metabolic pathways (e.g. folate)
• Detoxification mechanisms

Question 12

Ex of targets for anti-helmonthic agents:

Answer 12

• Neuromuscular coordination
• Carbohydrate metabolism
• Microtubular integrity

Question 13

Organisms which cause malaria:

Answer 13

Plasmodium: falciparum, viviax, ovale, malariae, knowlesi

Question 14

Plasmodium associated with more severe complications

Answer 14

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 15

Transmission of malaria via

Answer 15

Female anaopheles mosquito

Question 16

Basic malaria lifecycle:

Answer 16

Sporozoite - schizont/hyponozoite - merozoite - early tropozoite (ring stage) - gametocyte/later tropozoite - schizont - merozoite

Question 17

Malaria reproduction in human:

Answer 17

Asexual

Question 18

Malaria reproduction in mosquito:

Answer 18

Sexual

Question 19

Symptoms of uncomplicated malaria:

Answer 19

• chills
• fever
• aches
• nausea
• night sweats

Question 20

Types of complicated malaria:

Answer 20

Cerebral malaria
Acidosis
Severe anemia

Question 21

What does malaria infect?

Answer 21

Hepatocyte, erythrocytes

Question 22

What does malaria use as a source of amino acids?

Answer 22

Hb of RBCs

Question 23

Ex of quinolines

Answer 23

quinine, chloroquinine, primaquine, mefloquine

Question 24

MoA of quinolines:

Answer 24

Bind to heme, stop it being used. Blocks the formation of hemozoin and kills parasite.

Question 25

Ex of anti-folates:

Answer 25

Sulfonamides, yrimethamine, proguanil, chlorproguanil

Question 26

New antimalarials:

Answer 26

Artemisinin compounds

Question 27

MoA of artemisinin compounds:

Answer 27

Binds to Fe2+ on Hb. Generates free radicals that kills malaria.

Question 28

What are artemisinin compounds active against:

Answer 28

Multidrug resistant plasmodium falciparum.

Question 29

Transmission of African trypanosomiasis

Answer 29

Tsetse fly

Question 30

Sleeping sickness symptoms:

Answer 30

Parasite can cross BBB. Cause neurological distrubances, coma, death

Question 31

Spectrum of disease caused by leishmanina:

Answer 31

Asymptomatic
Cutaneous
Visceral
Mucosal

Question 32

Toxoplasmosis is serious in:

Answer 32

Immunocompromised individuals

Question 33

Transmission of toxoplasmosis:

Answer 33

Cat feces (food, direct, animals), congenital

Question 34

Ex of intestinal protozoans:

Answer 34

• Entamoeba hystolytical

- Giardia lambila

Question 35

Tapeworms

Answer 35

Cestodes

Question 36

Flukes

Answer 36

trematodes

Question 37

Round worms

Answer 37

Nematodes

Question 38

Ex of tapeworms

Answer 38

taenia spp, Echnoccuas granulosus

Question 39

Ex of flukes

Answer 39

Fasciola hepatica, schistosoma spp

Question 40

Ex of roundworms

Answer 40

Ascaris, Dracunuculus medinensis

Question 41

Infection of worms is via

Answer 41

Larvae or eggs