Cellular basis of disease Flashcards
Week 1
Predisposition
increased susceptibility to develop disease
Disease
a consequence of a failure of homeostasis, with potential to impair function
Aetiology
Cause of a disease
Disease mechanism
the way homeostasis is disturbed (e.g. the production of a toxin)
Pathogenesis
pathological mechanisms resulting in clinical disease (e.g. how the etiological agent interacts with the host to cause disease).
Premalignant
A lesion or process that will probably transform into an invasive malignancy
What 2 types of stain do you usually stain a specimen with
Specific stain and counter stain
Give an example of what an acidic dye might stain
Proteins
Give an example of what a basic dye might stain
Nucleic acids
What type of dye is Eosin and what colour does it stain
Acidic dye, stains basic structures pink or red (e.g. cytoplasm)
What type of dye is hematoxylin
Basic dye, stains acidic structures purplish-blue (e.g. nuclei and parts of cytoplasm which are RNA)
What are the 4 key targets of cell damage
Mitochondria, plasma membrane, ionic channels, cytoskeleton
Name 2 scales of which to look at a pathology
Macroscopic and Microscopic
What is steatosis?
Fatty liver
Name 2 mechanisms of cell death/cell component death
Apoptosis and Autophagy
Pyknosis
Shrinkage of the nuclei
Karyolysis and Karyorrhexis
Fragmentation of the nuclei
Name 3 types of necrosis
Coagulative, colliquative/liquefaction, caseating
Coagulative necrosis
Maintains the structure/architecture of the tissue.
What kind of necrosis occurs during schema or infarction
Coagulative necrosis
Colliquative necrosis
Massive release of hydrolytic enzymes from cells cause degradation of the tissue structure from the local environment.
Tissue becomes a liquid viscous mass.
Caseating necrosis
Not liquid but tissue has lost its structure.
What disease is caveating necrosis the hall-mark of?
TB granuloma
Congenital
Present at birth
Name different chromosomal abnormalities.
Polidy (number), structure, mutation, post-transcription, post-translation
Structural chromosomal defects
deletion, inversion, ring formation, translocation
Hyperplasia
increase in the number of cells
Ex of physiological hyperplasia
breasts in puberty
Ex of pathological hyperplasia
adrenal cordial hyperplasia in Cushing’s syndrome due to ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma
Hypertrophy
Increased cell size
Ex. physiological hypertrophy
muscle hypertrophy in regular exercise
Atrophy
an umbrella term for decrease in size and number of cells
Dysplasia
abnormal cytological appearance and tissue architecture
Metaplasia
conversion of one type of differentiated tissue into another
Transdifferentiation
one cell type transforming into another
What is the difference between metaplasia and transdifferentiation
In metaplasia, stem cells start to differentiate into a different kind of tissue. In transdifferentiation one cell type transforms into another.
Clinical features of benign tumours
slow growth, no ulceration, no evidence of metastasis, smooth edges, resembles organ tissue, uniform size and shape, no invasion of vessels, no dysplasia
Clinical features of malignant tumours
rapid growth, frequent ulceration + haemorrhage, evidence of metastasis, irregular edges, poor resemblance to tissue organ, variable cell size and shape, often invasion of vessels, sometimes dysplasia in adjacent tissues
What mediates type 1 hypersensitivity
IgE
What mediates type 2 hypersensitivity
IgG, IgM (sometimes)
What mediates type 3 hypersensitivity
IgG
What mediates type 4 hypersensitivity
T cells
Iatrogenic disease
the result of a treatment or intervention
give an example of iatrogenic disease
drugs: overdose, allergy, side effects
radiation: inflammation, scarring, neoplasia
blood transfusion: hepatitis, AIDS
complications: surgery, immobility
‘advice’
