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Disease processes > General pathology of cancer > Flashcards

General pathology of cancer Flashcards

1
Q

4 normal classes of regulatory genes:

A
  1. Tumor suppressor
  2. Proto-oncogenes
  3. Genes that regulate apoptosis (Bcl-2)
  4. Genes that repair DNA
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2
Q

Predisposition to cancer can be:

A

Hereditary

Sporadic

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3
Q

Sporadic factors increasing cancer susceptibility:

A
  • Environment
  • Age
  • Lifestyle (UV, smoking, obesity)
  • Chronic inflammatory conditions (H.pylori, IBS, HepB)
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4
Q

Breast cancer genetic mutation

A

BRCA 1/2

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5
Q

APC gene is involved in

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis

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6
Q

HNPCC

A

Herediatary non-polyposis colorectral cancer

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7
Q

Carcinogens =

A

Agents that cause genetic damage and induce neoplastic transformation

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8
Q

Carcinogens can be

A

Chemical, radiation, microbial organisms

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9
Q

Chemical agents which are carcinogenic:

A
  • polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
  • Aromatic amines and azo dyes
  • Asbestos
  • Naturally occuring alflatoxin B1
    Nitrosamines and amides
    Direct-acting alkylating agents
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10
Q

Nitrosamines and amides are found in…

A

Preservatives

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11
Q

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are found it…

A

Cigarette smoking

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12
Q

Cancer caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

A

Lung, bladder

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13
Q

Cancer caused by aromatic amines and azo dyes

A

Liver cancer, bladder cancer

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14
Q

Cancer caused by asbestos

A

Mesothelioma

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15
Q

Cancers caused by direct-acting alkylating agents

A

Lymphoid neoplasms

Leukaemia

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16
Q

In-direct acting agent:

A

Require metabolic activation to convert into carcinogens

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17
Q

Radiation involved in carcinogenesis

A
  • UV rays

- Ionisng radiation

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18
Q

Cancers caused by UV

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
Malignant melanoma

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19
Q

Cancers caused by ionising radiation

A

Solid organ malignancies

Leukaemias

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20
Q

Viruses/bacteria which are carcinogens

A
  • Epstein-Barr virus
  • HPV
  • HepB
  • H.pylori
21
Q

High-risk strains HPV:

A

HPV-16

HPV-18

22
Q

H.pylori -

A

Curved, Gr- rod shaped bacteria.

23
Q

Metaplasia =

A

Cell adaptation to change in environment altering morphological apperance.

24
Q

Barret’s oesophagus =

A

Metaplasia in oesophagus. Squamous turns to columnar due to reflex.

25
Q

Dysplasia =

A

Disordered growth in which cells undergo morphological transformation with increased cell division and loss of architecutal relationship.

26
Q

The evolution from a benign neoplasm to malignant is a

A

Step wise progression

27
Q

Neoplasms have a … origin

A

Monoclonal

28
Q

Cells in a neoplasm are what in relation to eachother

A

Heterogenous

29
Q

heterogenous =

A

Cells have different abilities

30
Q

Tumors that re-occur are…

A

More resistant to chemotherapy

31
Q

Naming benign tumours of epithelial origin =

A

Papilloma or adenoma prefixed with cell of origin or tissue of origin (e.g. squamous papilloma of skin, thyroid follicular adenoma)

32
Q

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin =

A

Carcinoma (e.g. adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma)

33
Q

Benign tumours of connective tissue origin

A

-oma

34
Q

Malignant tumours of connective tissue origin

A

-sarcoma

35
Q

Neoplasm which contains elements of all 3 embryological germ cell layers

A

Teratoma

36
Q

Lymphoma vs leukemia

A 
Lymphoma = tumour mass
Leukemia = circulating cell

can have both

37
Q

3 routes of metastasis:

A
  • Haematogenous
  • Lymphatic
  • Trancoelomic
38
Q

Is spread via arteries or veins more common?

A

Veins

39
Q

Anaplasia =

A

Malignant neoplasms composed of undifferentiated cells

40
Q

Pleomorphism =

A

Variation in size and shape

41
Q

Ex of local effects of neoplasms

A
  • compression
  • obstruction
  • intussuception
  • displacement
  • ulceration/destruction of natural surfaces
42
Q

Cachexia =

A

Wasting syndrome. Catabolic state resulting in profound loss of body fat, mass, weakness and anorexia

43
Q

Tumour grade vs stage

A 
Grade = pathological definition, describes appearance under microscope.
Stage = assesses agree of spread
44
Q

Why do we stage cancers?

A
  • spread
  • prognosis
  • guide treatment
45
Q

Ex of tumor grading

A

TNF

46
Q

TNF =

A

Tubule formation
Nuclear atypia
Frequency of mitoses

47
Q

Ex of tumour staging

A

TNM

48
Q

TNM =

A 
Tumour grade (T1-T4)
Nodal involvement (N0-N3)
Metastasis (Mx, M0, M1)

Disease processes (21 decks)

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