Parasites -> Malaria

Question 1

What is the type of vector that transmits Malaria?

Answer 1

Arthropod Vector

Question 2

difference between elimination and eradication?

Answer 2

eradication is for global elimination

Question 3

can malaria be transmitted from person to person?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

what are the 2 main types of parasites that cause malaria?

Answer 4

Plasmodium falciparum

Plasmodium vivax

Question 5

where are Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax more prevalent

Answer 5

Falciparum –> Subsaharan Africa, PNG, some parts of indonesia and central latin american
Vivax –> south east asia, central south america

Question 6

what is one of the main problems in controlling malaria?

Answer 6

vaccine not very effective
low socio-economic areas more prevalently affected
increased resistance to anti malarian drugs and pesticides

Question 7

Plasmodium falciparum

Answer 7

causes the majority of the severe cases and death

Question 8

what is the vector for the transmission of the malaria parasite?

Answer 8

Anopheles mosquito

Question 9

during what stage for the parasite life cycle does the individual experience symptoms of the disease?

Answer 9

blood stage

Question 10

once infection has occurred the parasite can enter the —- and remain there for ——/—- days, replicating

Answer 10

liver

7/10 days

Question 11

what are the main 2 types of malaria that can develop?

Answer 11

Mild Malaria --> flu like disease
Severe Malaria (5%)
    severe anaemia, cerebral complications, respiratory distress and metabolic acidosis (lung damaged due to poor perfusion of tissues)

Question 12

for mild malaria what course of medication is recommended

Answer 12

short course of Artemisinin

Question 13

for severe malaria what course of medication is recommended

Answer 13

IV Artemisinin and supportive treatment

Question 14

in the malarian life cycle why are symptoms developed

Answer 14

due to the immune response against the infected RBC

Question 15

malarian immunity develops after the first episode of malaria T/F

Answer 15

F several episodes needed (pathogen not very immunogenic)

Question 16

what are the 3 main types of immunity that develop against malaria?

Answer 16

against severe malaria
against any malaria
against malaria in pregnancy

Question 17

what are the parasite reasons for the slow development of immunity?

Answer 17

multiple antigenic targets
antigenic diversity (major targets show polymorphism)
antigenic variation (gene families allow switching to evade responses)

Question 18

what are the host factors for the slow development of immunity?

Answer 18

inadequate response (especially in young children)
irrelevant response (antibodies for liver stage)
wrong target (antigens not essential for invasion) or wrong epitope of the right target

Question 19

what are the main stages that are important to remember the infection of malaria?

Answer 19

Sporozoites
Liver Stage
Merozoites
RBC stage

Question 20

what type of immune response is developed against sporozoites?

Answer 20

Antibodies* and T cells

Question 21

what type of immune response is developed against liver stage?

Answer 21

T cells

Question 22

what type of immune response is developed against merozoites?

Answer 22

antibodies

Question 23

what type of immune response is developed against RBC stage?

Answer 23

antibodies* and CD4 T cells (large production of IFN-y¨)
[note RBC no MHC]
the function of the antibodies is to coat the RBC and tag them for phagocytosis (opsonisation)

Question 24

what is the function of the antibodies produces against the extracellular stages of the pathogen?

Answer 24

inhibiting the pathogen from entering and infecting other cells

Question 25

what is the vaccine being produced targeting?

Answer 25

the entering of the sporozoites into the liver OR the entering of the merozoite into the RBCs

Question 26

what is one of the main targets that is being targeted for the development of a vaccine?

Answer 26

Segment of CS protein (major antigen of the sporozoite)

Question 27

in order to treat the liver stage of these conditions what drug is recommended? specially for vivax

Answer 27

primaquine