Immunisation

Question 1

When was smallpox eradicated?

Answer 1

1979

Question 2

agent that causes epiglottis that has not been seen in Melb since the introduction of the vaccine

Answer 2

Haemophilus influenzae type B

Question 3

what are some of the applications of immunisations

Answer 3

prevent infection
treat infection
prevent/treat non-infectious conditions
modify immune response 
modify physiological processes

Question 4

what are the main types of immunisations?

Answer 4

active (give antigens so person develops immunity)

passive (give antibodies or immune cells)

Question 5

Passive Immunisation with IgG

Answer 5

comes from pooled Immunoglobulin

random screening of blood donations for antibodies against certain condition

Question 6

example of passive immunisation being used to modify the course of a disease

Answer 6

measles: people giving IgG to decrease severity of the condition
also tetanus, diphtheria

Question 7

techniques used for immunising people with living agents

Answer 7

unattenuated
empirically attenuated
rationally attenuated
Reassortants
Antigen expressen on living vector

Question 8

what is an unattenuation?

Answer 8

giving the person a similar virus that shares antigens with the pathogen [rotavirus] OR giving them the pathogen in a route different to that in which they can cause disease [adenovirus given by mouth]

Question 9

empirical attenuation is

Answer 9

growing the pathogen in conditions adverse for its growth

BCG vaccine [mycobacterium bovis]

Question 10

rational attenuation

Answer 10

erasing genes so the pathogen is less pathogenic
not currently in use
cholera

Question 11

Reassortants

Answer 11

give a pathogen new antigenic DNA from a second pathogen (nothing too pathogenic) so the person develops immunity against 2 pathogens
example of rotavirus growing at different temperatures

Question 12

what are some examples of living empirically attenuated vaccines being used?

Answer 12

Viruses (measles-mumps-rubella, varicella zoster, yellow fever)
Bacteria (BCG,typhoid21a)

Question 13

examples of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 13

Viruses (polioSalkIPV,influenza, HAV, japanese encephalitis, rabies)
Bacteria (cholera,typoid,pertusis [whole cell, induces fever no longer used], Q fever)
[bacterial not widely used anymore]

Question 14

type of immunisation done by immunising people against pathogen by inducing immunity against a non-replicating component

Answer 14

Component Vaccines

Question 15

example of component vaccines

Answer 15

Viruses (HBV, HPV virus like particles)

Bacteria (diphtheria, tetanus,cholera, against capsules, pertussis[3-5 components])

Question 16

immunisation against HBV is achieved by

Answer 16

inducing the production of surface antigens in yeast and then farming those to be used as an injection in humans

Question 17

explain an example of component vaccines

Answer 17

cholera vaccine the toxin is cleaved and 2 ßsubunits joint together

Question 18

what are some of the advantages of living vaccines?

Answer 18

broader immune response
local immunity (sometimes)
ease of administration (sometimes)

Question 19

give one example of local immunity developed against poliovirus?

Answer 19

IgA antibodies produced against the attenuated virus being taken by mouth (oral vaccine)

Question 20

what are some disadvantages of living vaccines?

Answer 20

Disease (back mutation, spread [immunocompromised], contamination)
Failure (dead, pre-existing immunity, interference)

Question 21

what are some of the advantages of killed vaccines?

Answer 21

stable
contamination unlikely
cannot spread
safe for the immune deficient

Question 22

what are some disadvantages of killed vaccines?

Answer 22

weaker immune response
high dose
need adjuvants
expensive