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Locomotor > Histology of Bone an Joint > Flashcards

Histology of Bone an Joint Flashcards

1
Q

Hyaline cartilage is made out of

A

Collagen type 2
Aggrecans (chondroitin sulphate, heparan suphate)
Hyaluronic Acid
Chondronectin

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2
Q

what is connective tissue made of?

A

Cells + Ground Substance + Fibres

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3
Q

where can you find collagen type 2?

A

Hyaline Cartilage

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4
Q

if to hyaline cartilage elastin is added we obtain?

A

elastic cartilage

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5
Q

elastic cartilage is found in?

A

ears, epiglottis and larynx

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6
Q

Fibrocartilage can be described as

A

mixture of dense connective tissue and isolated islands of cartilage

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7
Q

Fibroblasts differentiate into

A

Chondrocytes

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8
Q

in fibrocartilage the main type of collagen found is

A

Type 1 collagen

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9
Q

Fibrous Cartilage gas perichondrium T/F

A

F

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10
Q

where can fibrocartilage be found?

A

meniscus and intervertebral discs

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11
Q

what is the structure of a intervertebral disc?

A 
external ring of fibrocartilage (annulus fibrosis)
nucleus pulposus (collagen type 2)
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12
Q

around what age does the nucleus pulpous disappears

A

~20 yo

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13
Q

what are the 2 pain types of bone

A

Compact Bone

Trabecular Bone

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14
Q

where are the Haversian Systems found?

A

in compact bone

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15
Q

what is a Haversian System?

A

Columns of bone made of lamellae (layers) around a blood vessel that run longitudinal to the bone and parallel to the lines of stress

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16
Q

What are the main 3 types of cells found in bone?

A

osteoblast
osteocyte
osteoclast

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17
Q

filling the trabecular bone one can find either

A

Yellow or Red bone marrow

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18
Q

Can yellow marrow become haematopoietic again?

A

yes, it preserves some cells with haematopoietic potential

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19
Q

Red Marrow’s capillaries have —-1—- instead of capillaries

A

Sinusoids, to allow material leakage

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20
Q

Some of the bones that are important for haematopoiesis in the adult are

A

jaw
scapula
skull
pelvis

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21
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

layer of connective tissue that covers bone outside

inside is the endosteum

22
Q

what can be found in the outer layer of the periosteum?

A

more fibrous layer, fibroblasts blood vessels and collagen

23
Q

what can be found in the inner layer of the periosteum? and what is it similar to?

A

more cellular than the outer, osteoprogenitor cells can be found there
Endosteum

24
Q

where in the bone there is no periosteum?

A

where there is the insertion of tendons and ligaments

25
Q

at the site of tendon insertion to the bone the collagen fibres are continuous with those collagen fibres within the bone T/F? this is called….

A

T

Sharpey’s Fibres

26
Q

blood supply to the bone occurs at 2 discrete sites these are

A

Epiphysis (small retinacular arteries)

Diaphysis (large artery that subdivides in the marrow)

27
Q

hyaline cartilage of the articulatory surface has a perichondrium and is heavy vascularised T/F

A

F
No perichondrium, not heavily vascularised
if the cartilage is damaged it will take a long time to repair

28
Q

Synovial Fluid is similar to what other substance in the body

A

Plasma as it also is an ultrafiltrate of plasma with the addition of proteoglycans to make it more slippery

29
Q

the synovial membrane is an epithelium T/F

A

F
just a stack of cells
heavily leaky
not many adhesion between the molecules (no intercalated discs)

30
Q

what are the cells that make up the synovial membrane?

A

Type A Synoviocytes (Macrophages)

Type B Synoviocytes (Fibroblasts)

31
Q

in the synovial membrane which layer is the main producer of fluid

A

the Subintimal layer (fibrous connective tissue, heavy vascularisation)

32
Q

Different name for a OSTEON

A

Haversian System

33
Q

what is the metabolic unit of the bone?

A

Haversian System

34
Q

osteoprogenitor cells of bone can be found in

A

Inner layer of the periosteum and endosteum

35
Q

Where are localised osteoblasts and what is their function?

A

on the surface of the bone

lay down matrix that will become bone (OSTEOID)

36
Q

main type of collagen found in bone?

A

Type 1 Collagen

37
Q

Where are osteocytes found? function?

A

within the lamellae of bone in the Haversian System
–> Maintain bone healthy (has little processes that connect one with another and ultimately with a blood vessel). Can reabsorb bone to release Ca+2 if needed

38
Q

osteoclast characteristics? function

A

Giant, multinucleate cells that DESTROY bone
creates a little pit underneath it, and seals itself around it, releasing acid products and enzymes (proteases and phosphatases) for the breakdown of bone

39
Q

what can be measured in plasma in order to ascertain osteoclast activity?

A

Tartrate Resistant Acid Phosphatase

40
Q

what is the main driver for increased osteoclast activity?

A

PTH

41
Q

cell lineage osteoclasts come from?

A

monocyte/macrophage lineage from the bone marrow

42
Q

During foetal development what are the 2 main types of bone laid down?

A

Membrane Bone

Endochondral Bone

43
Q

What is the process of membrane bone formation? what are some examples?

A

bone directly deposited into embryonic tissue from the mesenchyme
skull, mandible, flat bones of face and clavicles

44
Q

All weight baring bone and extremity bones are of which formation type?

A

Endochondral bone

45
Q

Endochondral Bone formation requires transforming cartilage into bone T/F

A

F

Not making bone out of cartilage but rather destroying cartilage whilst making bone using the cartilage as a mould

46
Q

Describe the formation of bone from the cartilage mould

A

Bone collar forms around diaphysis
■ The cartilage beneath the ollar degenerates
■ Blood vessels invade, bring in bone cell progenitors
■ A second nucleus of ossification appears in each epiphysis
■ Zones of ossification grow together, but leave a thin zone of cartilage, the growth plate


47
Q

when’d does the growth plate disappears?

A

~ 21-22 y

48
Q

what are the layers of the growth plate?

A 
Resting Zone
Proliferation Zone
Maturation Zone
Hypertrophic Zone
Ossification
49
Q

during development or after injury (during repair) a specific kind of bone is produced what is its name? what are its characteristics?

A

Woven Bone

more cellular, more collagen No Haversian Systems (little ossification, not very strong)

50
Q

Remodelling of bone occurs down the lines of —1— of the bone

A

Lines of Stress

51
Q

order of events for bone remodelling

A

Osteoclast Reabsorption
Invasion of the blood vessel
Osteoblast deposition of bone in lamella
(osteoblast trapped become osteocytes)

Locomotor (20 decks)

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