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principles of dizzees > Parasites > Flashcards

Parasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is a parasite?

A

Organism that lives in another organism

Gets it’s food at the expense of the host

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2
Q

What are the 3 classes of parasites?

A

Protozoa
Helminths
Arthropods

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3
Q

Give examples of helminths…

A

Roundworms
Tapeworms
Flukes

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4
Q

Give examples of protozoa…

A

Malaria (parasite that causes it)
Amoebae
Flagellates

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5
Q

Give examples of arthropods…

A

Lice
Ticks
Mites

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6
Q

Name 3 major illnesses caused by protozoa.

A

Malaria

Amoebic Dysentery

Leishmaniasis

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7
Q

How do protozoa tend to be transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route or via an arthropod vector

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8
Q

What are the symptoms associated with malaria?

A

Fever
Chills
Other flu-like symptoms

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9
Q

Describe the life cycle of malarial parasites…

A

Sporozoites injected under skin by mosquito

Travel in blood to liver

Mature in liver to merozoites

Re-enter circulation

Invade RBC’s, multiply, lyse, invade more RBC’s

Merozoites produce gametocytes

Gametocytes form taken up by mosquito and sheg: leading to production of sporozoites

Process repeats

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10
Q

A patient has got amoebic dysentery. What symptoms/signs are they likely to present?

A

Diarrhoea with blood/pus

Intestinal and extra-intestinal infections

Possible liver abscess (in late disease)

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11
Q

How would you identify amoebic dysentery in a stool sample, under a microscope?

A

Cysts

2 nuclei + chromatoid body

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12
Q

How is leishmaniasis transmitted?

A

Bites of sandflies

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13
Q

What typical symptoms are there of cutaneous/muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis?

A

Skin/mucosal ulceration

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14
Q

What health affects are caused by visceral leishmaniasis?

A

Fever
Weight loss
Hepato-splenomegaly

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15
Q

What is the sellotape test used for?

A

Pinworm infestation (sellotape shows Ova when looked at under a microscope)

Type of roundworm

Lives up your bum

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16
Q

Tapeworms are transmitted through ingestion of beef or pork.

What form are they found as, in these meats?

A

Cyst

17
Q

What are nematodes?

A

Round worms

18
Q

What are cestodes?

A

Tape worms

19
Q

What are trematodes?

A

Flat worms

20
Q

What thread like, 1cm long hilminth is commonly found in children?

A

Enterobiasis (pinworm)

21
Q

What are Ova?

A

Eggs of parasites

mature female reproductive cell

22
Q

Which nematode is responsible for causing Loefller’s syndrome?

Briefly describe what the condition is.

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

Accumulation of eosinophils in lungs

23
Q

Where do roundworms tend to inhabit when they infect a human?

A

Small intestine

Ascaris can also live in the common bile duct

24
Q

Taenia saginata and taenia solium are both types of what?

A

Cestode - tapeworm

25
Q

In the context of tapeworm transmission, describe what an intermediate and definitive host are.

A

Larval cysts ingested by animal (cow or pig) and then passed to humans when we eat beef/pork

Livestock ∴ intermediate host

Cyst only matures to adult tapeworm in human

Human ∴ definitive host

26
Q

What is cysticercosis?

A

Parasitic infection of cysts of T.solium

Invade the brain, muscles or other tissues

27
Q

What is the other main type of tapeworm, aside from solium and saginata?

Describe the main features of infection by this tapeworm.

A

Eichinococcus

Carried by dogs, foxes, wolves

Humans ingest eggs which hatch then enter circulation

Hydatid cyst forms in liver - must be surgically resected

28
Q

Schistosomiasis (flukes) is an infection caused by what type of helminth?

A

Trematodes (flatworms)

29
Q

What are the 3 major species of schistosomes, and organs does each affect?

A

S.haemotobium - bladder

S.mansoni - intestines

S.japonicum - intestines

30
Q

What is the intermediate host, used by schistosomes?

A

Snails

31
Q

Describe how schistosomes infect humans.

A

Ova excreted in urine/faeces near/in fresh water

Maricadia (swimming larvae) released into fresh water

Penetrate snail body

Cercaria emerge from snails after 4 - 6 weeks which penetrate human skin (swimmers itch)

Migrate from lungs to liver where they mature to schistosomes then migrate to mesenteric or bladder

Lay eggs that cause inflammation of organ wall

32
Q

What fever is caused by schistosomes (bilharzia)?

A

Katayama fever

33
Q

Which type of schistosome infection is most severe?

A

S.japonicum

34
Q

Which schistosome is associated with causing haematuria and bladder cancer?

A

S. haematobium

35
Q

If you suspected that a patient had been infected by a Helminth. What could you test for in the blood, and why?

A

Eisonophil levels
IgE levels

Infection if often accompanied by eosinophilia and elevated IgE levels

36
Q

In diagnostics, what 3 things would you look for in a faeces sample, to look for evidence of parasitic infection?

PCO

A

Parasites
Cysts
Ova

37
Q

How is malaria testes for?

A

Blood films: thick and thin

38
Q

Summarise how a parasitic infection can be tested for.

A

Faeces microscopy

Serology

Thin+thick blood films

Tissue microscopy

principles of dizzees (28 decks)

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