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Principles of dizzees > Antimicrobial chemotherapy > Flashcards

Antimicrobial chemotherapy Flashcards

1
Q

What does bactericidal mean?

A

Antimicorbial that kills bacteria

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2
Q

What does bacteriostatic mean?

A

Antimicrobial that inhibits the growth of bacteria but does not kill them

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3
Q

A strain of bacteria that is killed/inhibited by an antimicrobial at the site of infection is …

A

Sensitive

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4
Q

What does it mean if a strain of bacteria is resistant?

A

It is not killed/inhibited by that antimicrobial

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5
Q

What is the MBC?

A

Minimal bactericidal concentration - minimum concentration of a given bactericidal antimicrobial needed to kill a given bacteria

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6
Q

What is the MIC?

A

Minimal inhibitory concentration - minimum concentration of an bacteriostatic antimicrobial needed to inhibit the growth of a given bacteria

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7
Q

What are the 3 routes of administration of anitbiotics?

A

Topical
Oral
Parenteral - IV, IM or sub-cutaneously (sometimes)

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8
Q

What are the 3 ways that an antibiotic can kill bacteria?

A

Inhibit cell wall synthesis

Inhibit protein synthesis

Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

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9
Q

What are the types of antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis, and how do they work?

A

Beta-lactams:
- Inhibit enzyme that cross links PG cell wall

Glycopeptides:
- Inhibit assembly of peptidoglycan precursor

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10
Q

Give the 2 types of Beta-lactams

A

Penicillin

Cephalosporins

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11
Q

Give the 2 types of glycopeptides

A

Vancomycin

Teicoplanin

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12
Q

What are the types of protein synthesis inhibitors?

A

Aminoglycosides

Macrolides

Tetracyclines

Oxazolidinones

Cyclic lipopeptides

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13
Q

Describe how aminoglycosides work.

A

Insert the wrong amino acid in chain during translation

Gentamicin

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14
Q

Describe how Macrolides work

A

Prevent formation of peptide bonds between amino acids during translation

Erythromycin

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15
Q

True of false

Macrolides, like erythromycin, are used to treat gram negative infections, if the patient is allergic to penicillin

A

False

It is used as an alternative to penicillin for treating gram POSITIVE infections

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16
Q

Tetracyclines are another type of antibiotic.

How do they work?

A

Stop codon - anticodon binding by tRNA during translation, thus stopping protein synthesis

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17
Q

Give an example of an oxazolidinone, and describe how they work.

A

Linezolid

Cleaves the ribosome into two pieces

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18
Q

Which class of protein synthesis inhibiting antibiotic works by changing the curvature of the bacteria membrane?

A

Cyclic lipopeptides

Changes curvature, creating holes which ions leak out/in through

Depolarization and loss of membrane potential

Protein, DNA, RNA synthesis all stops so the bacteria dies

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19
Q

Give an example of a cyclic lipopeptide

A

Daptomycin

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20
Q

What drug is used to inhibit purine synthesis?

A

Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole

Together = co-trimoxazole

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21
Q

What are purine synthesis inhibitors used to treat?

A

UTI

Chest infections (as an alternative to cephalosporins)

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22
Q

Fluoroquinones are a type of…

A

Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor

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23
Q

How are fluoroquinones administered?

A

Orally and parenterally

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24
Q

Fluoroquinones are particularly effective against Gram _____ organisms

A

Negative

25
Q

What demographic is unsuitable for treatment using fluoroquinones?

A

Children

Interferes with cartilage growth

26
Q

Gram negative organisms are always resistant to what antibiotic?

A

Vancomycin

27
Q

How do bacteria acquire resistance?

A

Via spontaneous mutation

or by receiving resistance genes from other bacteria via plasmids or transposons

28
Q

Describe the problems being caused by Beta-lactamase

A

Beta-lactamase is an enzyme produced by some strains of bacteria

It cleaves the B-lactam ring of the antibiotic
thus it becomes ineffective

Common with gram negative bacteria and most hospital strains of Staph. aureus

29
Q

Why is alteration of the penicillin binding protein (PBP) target site a problem?

A

B-lactams target this to prevent cross bridge formation, which would stop cell wall synthesis

Mutations mean that penicillin and cephalosporins are unable to bind to this

Methicillin resistant staph aureus (MRSA) is an example of a bacteria type with this alteration

30
Q

Aminoglycosides can only be administered…

A

Parenterally

31
Q

Give a commonly used aminoglycoside

A

Gentamicin

32
Q

Glycopeptides, such as vancomycin, are used to treat gram _____ bacteria that are both _____ and ______

A

Gram positive

Both aerobic and anaerobic

33
Q

Erythromycin is:

A) a macrolide, used to treat gram negative and positive organisms
B) a macrolide, used to treat only gram positive bacteria and never gram negative
C) a glycopeptide, that only treats gram negative bacteria
D) a macrolide, that is mainly used to treat gram positive organisms

A

D

Erythromycin is a type of macrolide

Mainly used to treat gram positive organisms, as an alternative to penicillin

34
Q

Quinolones are active against what type of organisms?

A

Gram negative

Only treatment option against pseudomas

35
Q

Metronidazole is effective against ______, both gram positive and negative

A

Anaerobes

36
Q

Fusidic acid targets a specific species of bacteria. What is this species?

A

Staphylococcus

37
Q

Trimethoprim is used to treat what type of infection?

A

Urinary tract infection

Also chest infections when given with other antibiotics

38
Q

Staphylococci and streptococci are both types of gram _____

A

Gram positive bacteria

39
Q

What are some common side effects produced by anti-microbials?

A 
Gastrointestinal problems 
Thrush 
Liver toxicity
Renal toxicity 
Neurological toxicity
Haematological toxicity
40
Q

What is monotherapy?

A

Treatment using only one antimicrobial drug

41
Q

WHat are the general rules regarding if a combined treatment will be additive, synergistic or antagonistic?

A

Two bactericidal or two bacteriostatic = additive or synergistic

One of each = antagonistic

42
Q

What is the simplest test, used in labs to determine the MIC?

A

E-test

43
Q

Polyenes are a type of anti-fungal drug.

Describe why they are effective on fungi but not bacteria

A

Polyenes bind to ergosterol

Ergosterol is present in fungal cell walls, but not bacterial cell walls

44
Q

Why are polyenes toxic?

A

They bind to other ‘sterols’ as well as ergosterol

Thus they can bind and have an effect on cholesterol on the surface of human cells

45
Q

How do azoles work?

A

Inhibit ergosterol synthesis

so Fungal cell wall can’t be synthesised

46
Q

How do allylamines work?

A

Suppress ergosterol synthesis (at a different stage to azoles)

47
Q

How do echinocandins work?

A

Inhibit the synthesis of glucan, a polysaccharide needed by many types of fungi

48
Q

What are the types of virucidal drugs?

A

There aren’t any

All anti-virals are virustatic (stop growth/replication)

You can’t kill a virus

49
Q

Aciclovir targets what family of viruses?

A

Herpes

50
Q

In general, anti-herpes drugs follow what naming rule?

A

They end in ‘ovir’

Valicicl’ovir’

51
Q

Interfero A is a protein that is used to treat what disease?

A

Hep B and C

52
Q

Benzyl penicillin is used to treat Gram _____ bacteria

A

Gram positive bacteria

53
Q

Amoxicillin & ampicillin can be used to treat Gram ______ infections

A

Gram negative

54
Q

What is Co-amoxiclav made up of, and what is it used to treat

A

Amoxicillin & beta lactamase enzyme inhibitor

Used to treat Beta lactamase producing coliforms

55
Q

What is flucloxacillin used to treat

A

Staphylococcal bacterial infections

56
Q

Piperacillin is used to treat Gram _____ bacteria

A

Gram negative

57
Q

What are imipenem & meropenem?

A

Carbapenems

close relatives of penicillins

58
Q

Cephradine, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone & ceftazidime are all types of ____

A

Cephalosporins

Beta lactams

Principles of dizzees (28 decks)

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