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Principles of dizzees > Chronic inflammation > Flashcards

Chronic inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major immune cells involved in chronic inflammation?

A

Lymphocytes
Plasma cells
Macrophages
Natural killer cells

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2
Q

What is the functions of B lymphocytes in chronic inflammation?

A

Differentiate into plasma cells - produce antibodies against any pathogens

Act with macrophages - antigen presentation

Differentiate into memory B cells

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3
Q

What is the function of T cells in chronic inflammation?

A

Produce cytokines - attracts and activates macrophages and attracts other immune cells

Produce interferons - antiviral + attracts other cells

Cytotoxic T cells - damage/lyse other cells and destroys pathogen

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4
Q

What type of immunity do Natural killer cells correspond to?

A

Innate

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5
Q

Describe what macrophages do at the site of chronic inflammation.

A

Remove debris

Present antigens (for B cells)

Phagocytose or degranulate

Produce interferons + other chemicals

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6
Q

Aside from immune cells, what other cells are involved with chronic inflammation?

A

Fibroblasts

+ osteoblasts in bone healing

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7
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

Produce collagen protein for healing process

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8
Q

What can cause chronic inflammation?

A

Autoimmunity

Persistent infection/prolonged exposure to pathogens/toxins

Exogenous substances (sutures, splinters, glass etc.)

Endogenous substances that are not easily phagocytosed

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9
Q

Why would chronic inflammation arise from acute inflammation?

A

Large volume of damage

Unable to remove debris

= Unable to resolve the acute inflammation so becomes chronic

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10
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Formation of blood vessels

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11
Q

What is the purpose of granulation tissue formation?

A

Patches tissue defects

Replaces dead/necrotic tissue

Contracts and pulls together

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12
Q

Describe the sequence of events that take place with granulation tissue formation.

A

Angiogenesis of inflammatory mass

Plasma proteins, macrophages, fibroblasts gain access

Fibroblasts lay down collagen to repair damaged tissue, replacing inflammatory exudate

This forms granulation tissue

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13
Q

What negatives are associated with granulation tissue formation?

A

Scarring

Fibrosis can lead to other health problems

Can progress to chronic inflammation - acne etc

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14
Q

What is the body’s response, when it can’t phagocytose something, for example, a splinter?

A

Granulomatous inflammation

formation of granuloma

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15
Q

Granulomatous inflammations are associated with what type of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type IV

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16
Q

Describe (in basics) what granulomatous inflammation is.

A

Macrophages walling off an indigestible antigen

17
Q

What cells are involved in granulomatous inflammation?

A

Macrophages (+ giant cells)

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

18
Q

What are giant cells made from?

A

Fused macrophages

19
Q

What are some examples of giant cells?

A

Langhans type

Foreign body type

Silicone associated

Warthin-Finkeldy type

20
Q

What are the characteristics of Langhans type giant cells?

A

Classically found in TB

Nuclei ring round the outer edges of the cell

Large eosinophilic cytoplasm

21
Q

Foreign body type giant cells are associated with what type of tissue?

A

Pyogenic (pus forming) granulation tissue

22
Q

What is different in how Warthin-Finkeldy type and Langhans type look?

A

Langhans - nuclei on outer edges of cell

W-F - central cluster of nuclei

23
Q

What are some examples of infectious granulomatous diseases?

A

Syphilis

Leprosy

Tuberculosis

24
Q

What are examples of Non-infectious granulomatous diseases?

A

Rheumatoid disease

Sarcoidosis

Crohn’s disease

25
Q

Describe the process of wound healing.

A

1) Injury > blood clotting > acute inflammation > fibrin produced
2) Growth factors + cytokines
3) Angiogenesis + Granulation tissue formation
4) Phagocytosis of fibrin
5) Fibroblasts move in > collagen
6) Contraction of scar
7) Re-epithelialisation

26
Q

What vitamins are important in the wound healing process?

A

C and A

27
Q

Bone healing is similar to that of tissue healing, except another main cell type is involved. What is it?

A

Osteoblasts

+ osteoclasts etc

28
Q

How do cells signal that they want angiogenesis to take place?

A

Hypoxic cells release Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that stimulates proliferation

Enzyme secretion aids process

Leads to vascularisation of damaged tissue

29
Q

What factors impair wound healing?

A

Dirty, gaping wound, large heamatoma

Poorly nourished, lack of vitamins C and A

Abnormal CHO metabolism, diabetes, corticosteroid therapy

Inhibition of angiogenesis

Principles of dizzees (28 decks)

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