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Principles of dizzees > Acute inflammation > Flashcards

Acute inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

Series of protective changes that occur in a living organism, as a response to injury

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2
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Rubor - redness
Calor - heat
Tumor - swelling
Dolor - pain

Loss of function

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3
Q

What are the possible aetiologies for acute inflammation?

A

Micro-organisms

Mechanical - trauma etc

Chemical

Physical - extreme conditions

Dead tissue - necrosis irritates adjacent tissue

Hypersensitivity

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4
Q

What does the micro-circulation refer to?

A

Capillary beds + feeding and draining arterioles/venules

Extracellular space + everything in it

Lymphatic channels + drainage

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5
Q

What 2 types of pressure govern how the micro-circulation functions?

A

Colloid osmotic pressure

Hydrostatic

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6
Q

What is the triple response?

A

Flush

Flare

Wheal (swells)

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7
Q

Poiseuille’s law gives us that blood flow is proportional to…

A

Radius to the power of 4

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8
Q

Using the idea of Poiseuille’s law, why does local arteriolar dilation cause redness and heat?

A

Dilation ∴ widening of blood vessel (vasodilation)

Increased ‘r’ ∴ flow goes up

∴ redness and heat

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9
Q

Describe how appropriate stimulus would cause wheal (swelling).

A

Chemical mediators released cause permeability of vessel walls to increase

Imbalance of starling forces

Net movement of plasma into extravascular space

Exudation ∴ swelling

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10
Q

What is the name given to the fluid that leaks out from the capillaries?

A

Exudate

exudation of exudate

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11
Q

Describe the composition of exudate.

A

Plasma fluid

Rich in protein

Immunoglobulins (antibodies) and fibrinogen

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12
Q

Describe normal laminar flow.

A

White blood cells (neutrophls) central flowing

Erythrocytes surround the white blood cells ‘lane’

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13
Q

What is the difference between inflammatory flow and normal laminar flow?

A

Erythrocytes aggregate in the centre of the flow

White blood cells (neutrophils) flow on the outer edges of the vessel, near the endothelium

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14
Q

What is margination?

A

Neutrophils moving to near the endothelial aspect of the lumen

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15
Q

What is pavementing?

A

Neutrophils adhering to the endothelium

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16
Q

What is emigration?

A

After pavementing, neutrophils squeezing themselves between endothelial cells (actively)

Movement into the extravascular space

17
Q

Acute inflammation, specific or not?

A

Non-specific

18
Q

Why is a loss of function of an inflamed area a protective response?

A

Stops you from using that area, so it is protected from further harm

19
Q

What role to plasma proteins play in the inflammatory process?

A

They localise the process

20
Q

What is suppuration?

A

Formation of pus

21
Q

Sum up the benefits of acute inflammation.

A

Rapid response

Cardinal signs + loss of function = protective

Neutrophils destroy pathogens at site of injury + denature antigen for macrophages

^above processes allow resolution and return to normal (healing)

22
Q

What is the basic naming system (normally) for describing inflammation?

A

‘Structure’-itis

23
Q

What is inflammation in the lungs?

A

Pneumonia

24
Q

What is inflammation in the pleural cavity?

A

Pleurisy

25
Q

At a site of inflammation, neutrophils will destroy anything with foreign antigens, through release of enzymes/oxidants and through phagocytosis.

What does this process produce, and what is the name given to the production of this?

A

Pus

Suppuration

26
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

Plasma protein

Polymerises to form fibrin

Coagulating factor that clots the exudate

27
Q

Why is it beneficial to coagulate exudate, at the site of inflammation?

A

Localises it - stops it spreading into other tissues

28
Q

Mediators are released in various stages of the inflammatory process. Highlight the collective effects of the mediators, in the pro-inflammatory process.

A 
Vasodilation 
Increase permeability 
Neutrophil adhesion 
Chemotaxi - attracts stuff 
Itch and pain - protection
29
Q

Histamine is released in response to a local injury, and is mediated by IgE.

What is it’s effect?

A

Vasodilation and increased permeability

30
Q

What is the effect of serotonin release?

A

Vasoconstriction

31
Q

What do prostglandins do?

A

Promote effects of histamines

Inhibit anti-inflammatory cells

Principles of dizzees (28 decks)

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