Paramyxoviridae Flashcards by MARY DOROTHY SAPINIT

What is the order that includes viruses from the families Paramyxoviridae, Filoviridae, Bornaviridae, and Rhabdoviridae?

Mononegavirales

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What type of genome do viruses in the order Mononegavirales have?

Single-stranded genome of negative-sense RNA

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What common characteristics are shared by viruses in the order Mononegavirales?

Single-stranded genome of negative-sense RNA, similar replication strategy and gene order, virion morphology with an envelope

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True or False: Viruses in the order Mononegavirales have a double-stranded genome.

False

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Fill in the blank: Viruses in the order Mononegavirales have a _______ morphology that includes an envelope.

virion

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Viruses in this family cause a number of serious respiratory and/or systemic
diseases of humans, animals, and birds.

Paramyxoviridae

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*virions are enveloped
* pleomorphic (filamentous or spherical; approximately 150
nm or more in diameter), and contain a genome of linear, negative-sense, singlestranded RNA.

Paramyxoviridae

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: network of rbc’s and viruses formed due to HA protein

Hemagglutination

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Hemagglutination: network of rbc’s and viruses formed due to

HA protein

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: occurs when virus detaches from rbc’s due to neuraminadase (NA)
protein enzymes by breaking the contact of rbc and HA protein

Elution

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Paramyxoviridae are______ ; for example, antibodies against one virus strain
can neutralize all strains of the same species.

monotypic

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is a highly contagious disease of chickens that is characterized by respiratory distress, diarrhea, andneurological signs (tremors, wing or leg paresis, torticollis, circling, spasms),
drop in egg production.

Newcastle disease (ND)

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Newcastle Disease cause by?

Caused by Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) or Newcastle disease virus

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Newcastle disease
First identified in

Java, Indonesia (1926), and later in New Castle England
(1927)

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Other name of Newcastle disease

Ranikhet Disease
, Pseudofowl Pest
Avian Pneumoencephalitis

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Newcastle disease’s
of the disease is dependent upon the

(1) age and immune status of
the birds, and on
(2) the virulence of the strain of ND virus. The
hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase (HN), and Fusion (F) proteins are
responsible for virus attachment to host cell and infection.

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3 patho type of Newcastle disease

Lentogenic
Mesogenic
Velogenic

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Forms of Newcastle Disease:
m)

a) Viscerotropic velogenic (Doyle’s form)
b) Neurotropic velogenic (Beach’s form)
c) Mesogenic form (Beaudette’s form)l
d) Lentogenic form (Hitchner’s for

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high mortality, haemorrhagic
lesions in git, also called Asiatic or exotic ND

Viscerotropic velogenic (Doyle’s form)

high mortality, respiratory &
neurological disease

Neurotropic velogenic (Beach’s form)

low mortality, respiratory &
neurological disease

Mesogenic form (Beaudette’s form)

mild respiratory disease

Lentogenic form (Hitchner’s form)

 (NDV) infects chickens, guinea fowls, turkeys, and a large number of species
of domestic and wild birds;occurs

worldwide

is the most common route for transmission of
Newcastle Disease Virus.

Aerosol respiratory infection

NEWCASTLE DISEASE Clinical lesions: only velogenic strains produce gross lesions, but are not pathognomonic, such as swelling of head, petechiae on the mucosa of proventriculus, ulceration of peyers patches, edema of interstitial tissue of neck

Newcastle Disease Laboratory Diagnosis. This now is best accomplished using ____________________to distinguish whether the virus is a velogenic field strain or a live vaccine strain, and to differentiate it from avian influenza

PCR, and sequence and/or nucleic acid hybridization analysis

Newcastle Disease Samples to be collected:  Dead (post-mortem) a) b)  live (antemortem) a) b) c)

Dead a) Spleen, lung, kidney b) Intestine, Heart, brain, liver Live ( ante mortem) a) Oro-nasal swab b) Cloacal swab c) Serum (antibody titer)

Newcastle Disease Laboratory tests:

HA/HI test, RT-PCR, DNA sequencing, histological stainings, nucleic acid hybridizatio

Newcastle Disease Cultivation of virus can be done by inoculating to:  embryonated chicken eggs (allantoic inoculation), death of embryo is observed within 24 hours with haemorrhages throughout the body, presence of virus is confirmed by HA and HI test, and RT-PCR  cell cultures with respiratory exudate or tissue suspensions (spleen, lung, or brain) on chicken embryo fibroblast cells etc  Control and Prevention:  Sanitary management (strict biosecurity measures, all-in-all-out, depopulation follwed by 21 days before restocking)  Medical prophylaxis: by vaccination (administered in drinking water or applied as aerosols)

is unique to Australia,where it was first recognized in 1994 as the cause of an outbreak of severe disease with respiratory and neurological symptoms that killed a number of horses and their trainer

Hendra virus disease

Although ______ are the reservoir of Hendra virus, the virus is contagious between horses and to humans by direct contact with ___or_____that contain the virus.

fruit bats nasal secretions or fomites

are closely related to Hendra virus.  The virus reservoirs are bats of that are subclinically infected and excrete virus through urine.

Nipah virus

Nipah viruses are closely related to Hendra virus.  The virus reservoirs are bats of that are subclinically infected and excrete virus through urine.  When pigs become infected (presumably through infected feed) the illness presents with _____ and _____.  Close contact with infected pigs and food-borne (contaminated palm sap) transmission have been shown to lead to human illnesses with the same clinical symptoms observed in infected pigs.  In Philippines, human outbreak of nipah or a nipah-like virus involving horses occurred in 2014. Source of zoonotic transmission was through eating of undercooked carcass of sick horses  The case fatality rate in humans is high due to encephalitis. In humans, ________treatment has been demonstrated to reduce fatalities.

pneumonia and encephalitis ribavirin

Canine Distemper Virus Disease. CD is an important viral disease of dogs from genus ______, also called

Morbillivirus Hard pad disease or Carre’s disease

Canine Distemper Virus Disease natural host:

wild and domestic canidae (dog, coyote, wolf, fox, jackal)

Canine Distemper is characterized by any combination of

diphasic fever, ocular and nasal discharges, anorexia, depression, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, leukopenia, pneumonia, and neurologic signs

Canine Distemper The mortality rate depends largely on the immune status of the infected dog and is highest among puppies (80% mortality rate).

chronic encephalitis caused by CD in mature dogs with clinical signs milder than in young animals (ataxia, rare convulsions and circling)

Old dog encephalitis (ODE)

CANINE DISTEMPER Animals that survive the acute disease may develop other signs, including ______and__________^ that is characterized by any combination of convulsions, tremor, myoclonus, locomotor disturbances, paralysis, and blindness.

hyperkeratosis of the footpads (hard pad disease) and neurologic disease

Canine Distemper transmission:

respiratory/body secretions through inhalation (airborne)

Canine Distemper 2 stages of disease:

Stage 1: mucosal stage (gastrointestinal signs, pneumonia, rhinitis) Stage 2: neurologic phase (tremor of head, circling, paralysis, seizures, nystagmus, muscle twitching, convulsion, chewing motions, death)

CANINE DISTEMPER  Diagnosis:  Samples to be collected  Dead (post-mortem):  Live (Ante-mortem):  Cultivation of virus:  Lab Tests:  Prevention and Control:  Treatment:

 Diagnosis: vaccination history, clinical signs (must be differentiated withRabies)  Samples to be collected  Dead (post-mortem): spleen, lymph node, kidney, lung, brain  Live (Ante-mortem): nasal, ocular swabs, blood, corneal smear,bCSF  Cultivation of virus: animal inoculation or cell culture  Lab Tests: direct flourescence antibody test (FAT), RT-PCR, DNA sequencing, ELISA. FAT is recommended by OIE and WHO  Prevention and Control: Vaccination (multi-ag vaccine;DHPPi+L)  Treatment: supportive therapy, symptomatic treatment

Rinderpest Rinderpest (RP) virus has been declared eradicated on ________. After human poxvirus (declared eradicated in 1979), Rinderpest virus is the second virus to have ever been eradicated worldwide and the first virus of veterinary importance

May 25, 2011

RINDERPEST Vaccine strains:  New Rinderpest Vigilance Campaign by OIE (in veterinary curriculum) Serosurveillance of livestock

Nakamura strain, Edwards strain, Kabate ‘O’ strain and Plowrite (RBOK) strain

Other names of Rinderpest P virus:  Geographical distribution:  Natural host:  RP is highly contagious acute viral disease - Fever, Oral Erosions, and diarrhea, lymphoid necrosis & high mortality (upto 100%)  Transmission: infected animal are principal source of virus thru ____,___,____  Route of entry:  Incubation period:

Other names of Rinderpest P virus: CAttle plague, Contagious Bovine Typhus, Steppe Murein  Geographical distribution: Africa, Indian subcontinent, Middle East  Natural host:domesticated and wild even-toed ungulates  RP is highly contagious acute viral disease - Fever, Oral Erosions, and diarrhea, lymphoid necrosis & high mortality (upto 100%)  Transmission: infected animal are principal source of virus thru secretions, discharges and excretions  Route of entry: inhalation  Incubation period: 3-15 days

Read the Transmission below of rendirpest