Paramyxoviridae Flashcards
What is the order that includes viruses from the families Paramyxoviridae, Filoviridae, Bornaviridae, and Rhabdoviridae?
Mononegavirales
What type of genome do viruses in the order Mononegavirales have?
Single-stranded genome of negative-sense RNA
What common characteristics are shared by viruses in the order Mononegavirales?
Single-stranded genome of negative-sense RNA, similar replication strategy and gene order, virion morphology with an envelope
True or False: Viruses in the order Mononegavirales have a double-stranded genome.
False
Fill in the blank: Viruses in the order Mononegavirales have a _______ morphology that includes an envelope.
virion
Viruses in this family cause a number of serious respiratory and/or systemic
diseases of humans, animals, and birds.
Paramyxoviridae
*virions are enveloped
* pleomorphic (filamentous or spherical; approximately 150
nm or more in diameter), and contain a genome of linear, negative-sense, singlestranded RNA.
Paramyxoviridae
: network of rbc’s and viruses formed due to HA protein
Hemagglutination
Hemagglutination: network of rbc’s and viruses formed due to
HA protein
: occurs when virus detaches from rbc’s due to neuraminadase (NA)
protein enzymes by breaking the contact of rbc and HA protein
Elution
Paramyxoviridae are______ ; for example, antibodies against one virus strain
can neutralize all strains of the same species.
monotypic
is a highly contagious disease of chickens that is characterized by respiratory distress, diarrhea, andneurological signs (tremors, wing or leg paresis, torticollis, circling, spasms),
drop in egg production.
Newcastle disease (ND)
Newcastle Disease cause by?
Caused by Avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) or Newcastle disease virus
Newcastle disease
First identified in
Java, Indonesia (1926), and later in New Castle England
(1927)
Other name of Newcastle disease
Ranikhet Disease
, Pseudofowl Pest
Avian Pneumoencephalitis
Newcastle disease’s
of the disease is dependent upon the
(1) age and immune status of
the birds, and on
(2) the virulence of the strain of ND virus. The
hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase (HN), and Fusion (F) proteins are
responsible for virus attachment to host cell and infection.
3 patho type of Newcastle disease
Lentogenic
Mesogenic
Velogenic
Forms of Newcastle Disease:
m)
a) Viscerotropic velogenic (Doyle’s form)
b) Neurotropic velogenic (Beach’s form)
c) Mesogenic form (Beaudette’s form)l
d) Lentogenic form (Hitchner’s for
high mortality, haemorrhagic
lesions in git, also called Asiatic or exotic ND
Viscerotropic velogenic (Doyle’s form)
high mortality, respiratory &
neurological disease
Neurotropic velogenic (Beach’s form)
low mortality, respiratory &
neurological disease
Mesogenic form (Beaudette’s form)
mild respiratory disease
Lentogenic form (Hitchner’s form)
(NDV) infects chickens, guinea fowls, turkeys, and a large number of species
of domestic and wild birds;occurs
worldwide
is the most common route for transmission of
Newcastle Disease Virus.
Aerosol respiratory infection
NEWCASTLE DISEASE
Clinical lesions: only velogenic strains produce gross lesions, but are not
pathognomonic, such as swelling of head, petechiae on the mucosa of
proventriculus, ulceration of peyers patches, edema of interstitial tissue of
neck
Newcastle Disease
Laboratory Diagnosis.
This now is best accomplished using ____________________to distinguish whether
the virus is a velogenic field strain or a live vaccine strain, and to differentiate
it from avian influenza
PCR, and sequence and/or nucleic acid hybridization analysis
Newcastle Disease
Samples to be collected:
Dead (post-mortem)
a)
b)
live (antemortem)
a)
b)
c)
Dead
a) Spleen, lung, kidney
b) Intestine, Heart, brain, liver
Live ( ante mortem)
a) Oro-nasal swab
b) Cloacal swab
c) Serum (antibody titer)
Newcastle Disease
Laboratory tests:
HA/HI test, RT-PCR, DNA sequencing, histological
stainings, nucleic acid hybridizatio
Newcastle Disease
Cultivation of virus can be done by inoculating to:
embryonated chicken eggs (allantoic inoculation), death of
embryo is observed within 24 hours with haemorrhages
throughout the body, presence of virus is confirmed by HA and
HI test, and RT-PCR
cell cultures with respiratory exudate or tissue suspensions
(spleen, lung, or brain) on chicken embryo fibroblast cells etc
Control and Prevention:
Sanitary management (strict biosecurity measures, all-in-all-out,
depopulation follwed by 21 days before restocking)
Medical prophylaxis: by vaccination (administered in drinking
water or applied as aerosols)
is unique to Australia,where it was first recognized in
1994 as the cause of an outbreak of severe disease with respiratory and
neurological symptoms that killed a number of horses and their trainer
Hendra virus disease
Although ______ are the reservoir of Hendra virus, the virus is contagious
between horses and to humans by direct contact with ___or_____that contain the virus.
fruit bats
nasal secretions or fomites
are closely related to Hendra virus.
The virus reservoirs are bats of that are subclinically infected and excrete
virus through urine.
Nipah virus
Nipah viruses are closely related to Hendra virus.
The virus reservoirs are bats of that are subclinically infected and excrete
virus through urine.
When pigs become infected (presumably through infected feed) the illness
presents with _____ and _____.
Close contact with infected pigs and food-borne (contaminated palm sap)
transmission have been shown to lead to human illnesses with the same
clinical symptoms observed in infected pigs.
In Philippines, human outbreak of nipah or a nipah-like virus involving horses
occurred in 2014. Source of zoonotic transmission was through eating of
undercooked carcass of sick horses
The case fatality rate in humans is high due to encephalitis. In humans,
________treatment has been demonstrated to reduce fatalities.
pneumonia and encephalitis
ribavirin
Canine Distemper Virus Disease. CD is an important viral disease of
dogs from genus ______, also called
Morbillivirus
Hard pad disease or Carre’s disease
Canine Distemper Virus Disease natural host:
wild and domestic canidae (dog, coyote, wolf, fox, jackal)
Canine Distemper is characterized by any combination of
diphasic fever, ocular and nasal
discharges, anorexia, depression, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration,
leukopenia, pneumonia, and neurologic signs
Canine Distemper The mortality rate depends largely on the immune status of the infected dog
and is highest among puppies (80% mortality rate).
chronic encephalitis caused by CD in mature
dogs with clinical signs milder than in young animals (ataxia, rare
convulsions and circling)
Old dog encephalitis (ODE)
CANINE DISTEMPER
Animals that survive the acute disease may develop other signs, including
______and__________^
that is characterized by any combination of convulsions, tremor, myoclonus,
locomotor disturbances, paralysis, and blindness.
hyperkeratosis of the footpads (hard pad disease) and neurologic disease
Canine Distemper transmission:
respiratory/body secretions through inhalation (airborne)
Canine Distemper
2 stages of disease:
Stage 1: mucosal stage (gastrointestinal signs, pneumonia, rhinitis)
Stage 2: neurologic phase (tremor of head, circling, paralysis,
seizures, nystagmus, muscle twitching, convulsion, chewing motions,
death)
CANINE DISTEMPER
Diagnosis:
Samples to be collected
Dead (post-mortem):
Live (Ante-mortem):
Cultivation of virus:
Lab Tests:
Prevention and Control:
Treatment:
Diagnosis: vaccination history, clinical signs (must be differentiated withRabies)
Samples to be collected
Dead (post-mortem): spleen, lymph node, kidney, lung, brain
Live (Ante-mortem): nasal, ocular swabs, blood, corneal smear,bCSF
Cultivation of virus: animal inoculation or cell culture
Lab Tests: direct flourescence antibody test (FAT), RT-PCR, DNA
sequencing, ELISA. FAT is recommended by OIE and WHO
Prevention and Control: Vaccination (multi-ag vaccine;DHPPi+L)
Treatment: supportive therapy, symptomatic treatment
Rinderpest Rinderpest (RP) virus has been declared eradicated on ________. After human poxvirus (declared eradicated in 1979), Rinderpest virus is
the second virus to have ever been eradicated worldwide and the first virus of
veterinary importance
May 25, 2011
RINDERPEST
Vaccine strains:
New Rinderpest Vigilance Campaign by OIE (in veterinary curriculum)
Serosurveillance of livestock
Nakamura strain, Edwards strain, Kabate ‘O’
strain and Plowrite (RBOK) strain
Other names of Rinderpest P virus:
Geographical distribution:
Natural host:
RP is highly contagious acute viral disease - Fever, Oral Erosions, and
diarrhea, lymphoid necrosis & high mortality (upto 100%)
Transmission: infected animal are principal source of virus thru ____,___,____
Route of entry:
Incubation period:
Other names of Rinderpest P virus: CAttle plague, Contagious Bovine Typhus, Steppe
Murein
Geographical distribution: Africa, Indian subcontinent, Middle East
Natural host:domesticated and wild even-toed ungulates
RP is highly contagious acute viral disease - Fever, Oral Erosions, and
diarrhea, lymphoid necrosis & high mortality (upto 100%)
Transmission: infected animal are principal source of virus thru secretions,
discharges and excretions
Route of entry: inhalation
Incubation period: 3-15 days
Read the Transmission below of rendirpest
