Paper3 : Cognition And Development

Question 1

Piaget theory of cognitive development

Answer 1

Maturation causes changes in the way children think. Result of active discovery and experience

Question 2

Schemas

Answer 2

Units of knowledge. Based on our experience

Question 3

Motivation to learn

Answer 3

When our existing schema does not allow us to make sense of something new. Leads to disequilibrium.

Question 4

Equilibration

Answer 4

Restoring balance between experience and schema by exploring

Question 5

Assimilation

Answer 5

Adding new information to existing schema

Question 6

Accommodation

Answer 6

Radically change schema or add new ones

Question 7

Lifespan learning

Answer 7

Happens throughout life as our experiences present new knowledge

Question 8

Stages of intellectual development

Answer 8

4 stages each with different level of cognitive reasoning

Question 9

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 9

0-2 years
Basic coordination and language
Object permenace develops at 8 months
Understanding that objects still exist when they are out of sight

Question 10

Preoperational stage

Answer 10

2-7 years
Ego centrism
Lack of class inclusion
Struggle with conservation

Question 11

Egocentrism

Answer 11

See world from one’s own perspective
3 mountains task by Piaget
Children asked to pick a picture to show what the doll can see. Struggles to pick photo that is what the doll can see

Question 12

Class inclusion

Answer 12

Idea that classifications have subsets.
Picture of 5 dogs and 2 cats and asked if they are more dogs than animals. Children under 8 said dogs

Question 13

Conservation

Answer 13

Mathematical understanding that quantity remains constant even when appearance of object changes
Pouring water between beakers

Question 14

Stage of concrete operations

Answer 14

7-11 years
Can conserve, less egocentric, better at class inclusion, struggle with abstract thinking

Question 15

Formal operations stage

Answer 15

11 years +
Abstract reasoning develops, can understand syllogisms

Question 16

Vygotsky

Answer 16

Cognitive abilities are acquired in social interactions. Reflect local adults. Cultural differences

Question 17

Zone of proximal development

Answer 17

Gap between current and potential abilities. What they can do with expert helper, more knowledgable other

Question 18

Scaffolding

Answer 18

All help given by expert to guide children through some of proximal development. Progressive leading to independent

Question 19

Wood et al

Answer 19

Recruitment - engaging learners interest
Reduction in degrees of freedom - focusing learner and getting them started
Direction maintenance - motivating learner

Question 20

Progressive strategies

Answer 20

More help at the start

Question 21

Baillargeon

Answer 21

Suggested babies had better understanding of the word, lack of ability was from poor motor skills or distractions

Question 22

Violation of expectation research

Answer 22

Babies attention to unexpected and expected events are compared and timed
Showed 24 5-6 months old babies a short and tall rabbit passing behind a window
Babies looked longer in the unexpected window (tall rabbit didn’t appear in window )

Question 23

Infant physical reasoning

Answer 23

Babies are born with physical reasoning system including object permanence

Question 24

Selmans level of perspective taking

Answer 24

Understanding what someone else is feeling or thinking. Believed social perspective taking develops separately from other cognitive development

Question 25

Stage 0

Answer 25

Socially egocentric (3-6 years)
Child cannot distinguish between own emotions and others

Question 26

Stage1

Answer 26

Social information role taking 6 - 8 years
Can distinguish between their own view point and that of others but not at same time

Question 27

Stage2

Answer 27

Self reflective role taking 8-10 years

A child can explain the position of another person and appreciate their perspective, but can still only appreciate one view at a time.

Question 28

Stage 3

Answer 28

Mutual role taking 10- 12 years
can consider own point of view and that of others at the same time

Question 29

Stage 4

Answer 29

Social and conventional system role taking 12 + years
A child recognises that understanding others’ viewpoints is not enough to allow people to reach agreement. Social conventions are needed to keep order. E.g. personal decisions are made with reference to social conventions, such as humanely treating animals

Question 30

Selma’s research

Answer 30

Cross sectional study
60 4,5,6, year olds on perspective taking abilities and found significant positive correlations between age and perspective taking

Question 31

Theory of mind

Answer 31

Ability to mind read. Develops around 3-4 years old. Autistic children may find social interaction difficult due to ToM deficit

Question 32

Intentional reasoning research

Answer 32

Meltzoffe demonstrated that 8 months old understand intention, basic ToM. Beads in a jar

Question 33

False belief tasks

Answer 33

Wimmer and perner
From 4 years maxi chocolate study

Question 34

Sally Anne task

Answer 34

False belief task where sally looks in wrong place for marble because she doesn’t know Anne moved it
Baron cohen et al found ToM rare in ASD children

Question 35

Eyes task

Answer 35

Older ASD children and adults perform well on false belief tasks, used eyes task to show adults also had ToM deficits

Question 36

Mirror neuron system

Answer 36

Mirror neurons are cells that respond to the motor activity of others. First observed in monkeys. Help us understand intentions. Helps us take others perspectives. Key to evolution.
ASD may have broken mirror