Paper 3 : Forensic Flashcards
Top down profiling
Process is intuitive and based on deductive reasoning. Based on whether killer is organised disorganised. What type of job they have, status, personality
Bottom up
David canter
Uses empirical data
Interpersonal coherence
Forensic awareness
Geographical profiling
Criminal geographic targeting
Interpersonal coherence
People are consistent so their crimes reflect usual behaviours
Forensic awareness
How well they covered their crimes could indicate past convictions
Circle theory
Offenders commit crimes within small radius where they love (marauder) or where they know well (commuter)
Criminal geographic profiling
Using statistical analysis to find offenders base
Atavistic form
Lombroso
Physical features that make an innate criminal
Evolutionary throwback
Born criminals - evolutionary throwback
Insane criminals - mental illness
Criminaloids - commit crimes due to bad experiences
Somatotypes
Kretschmer
Identified body types and common crime types
Leptosome
Tall and thin, petty crimes
Athletic
Tall and muscular - violence
Pkynic
Short and fat, deception
Dysplastic
Mixed, immoral crimes like prostitution
Genetic explanations
Candidate genes MAOA-L known as warrior gene, leads to excessive serotonin which desensitises us to it and makes us less inhibited
Neural explanations
Parts of the brain have abnormal structures or functioning linked with leading to committing crimes
Prefrontal cortex
Linking with regulating emotion and moral behaviour. Low activity is linked with impulsiveness and lack of self control
Limbic system
Regulating emotions and motivation
Included amygdala responsible for identifying threats
Serotonin
Decreased serotonin could lead to impulsive behaviours
Eysencks theory of criminal personality
Identified three personality variable and developed eysencks personality questionnaire
Extra version interaversion
Extraverts seek new experiences, under stimulated nervous system. Impulsive crimes that give adrenaline rush
Neuroticism stability
Neurotics are less emotionally stable and unpredictable. More sensitive fight or flight. Crimes of passion or provoked violent attacks
Psychotism normality
Aggressive, egocentric less empathy. High levels of testerone. No remorse
Cognitive distortions
Irrational ways of thinking that offenders demonstrate, help cause and justify offences
Hostile attribution bias
Offenders see ambiguous behaviours from others as having a negative or aggressive motive
Minimalisation
Downplay severity of their crimes
Kohlbergs levels of moral reasoning
Preconventional stage under 6 years old only concerned about preventing punishment for bad behaviour
Conventional stage 7-11 years concerned about preserving our reputation as good boy or girl
Post conventional stage - develop our own set of moral
Differential association theory
Edwin Sutherland believed offending behaviour is learnt from our close relationships
Pro crime attitudes
Offending behaviour is desirable and specific moral codes
Specific criminal acts
How to commit crime for the most gain and least risk
Pyschodynamic explanations
Freud
Children in phallice stage go through Oedipus/ electra complex, in order to resolve this they must identify with thier same sex parent and learn morality from them in developing a super ego
Weak superego
Absent same sex parent leads to underdeveloped super ego, more driven to commit crimes by selfish ID
Deviant superego
Pro crime parents teach a superego with poor morality
Over harsh super ego
Strict parents make superego overdeveloped, feel like they are doing everything wrong
Bowlbys maternal deprivation
Children with inconsistent mother figure at young age are likely to grow to become affectionless psychopaths
Aims of custodial sentencing
Protect public
Punish by preventing recidivism
Deterrretn
Retribution
Rehabilitate
Affects of custodial sentencing
De-individuating
Depression
Overcrowding
Lack of privacy
Effects on family
Token economy
Given tokens for desirable behaviours. Exchanged for rewards like chocolate, cigarettes or extra visiting hours. Undesirable behaviours are punished with removal of tokens
Theoretical basis
Rewards act as positive reinforcement making behaviour more likely. Token goes from neutral stimulus to conditioned stimulus
Aims of anger management
Cognitive restructuring (become more self aware
Regulation of arousal (gain better control over their feelings of anger)
Behavioural strategies (educate on how to avoid anger)
Stress incolulafkon model
CBT
Stage 1
Cognitive preparation
Help patient identify triggers and see them as irrational or distorted
Stage 2
Still acquisition
Teach patient behavioural, cognitive, physiological strategies for reducing anger. Deep breathing, rational thinking, strategic withdrawal
Stage 3
Application practice
Therapist and patient role play
Praised by postive reinforcement
Restorative justice
Trying to repair the harm they caused
Based on communication - with trained mediator
Helps to restore the situation back to what it was before the crime
May involve community service
Aims of restorative justice
Reduce recidivism
