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Pyschology > Paper 3 : Issues And Debates > Flashcards

Paper 3 : Issues And Debates Flashcards

1
Q

Alpha gender bias

A

Exaggerating differences between genders and favouring one over the other

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2
Q

Beta bias

A

Ignoring differences between genders, assuming both are the same

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3
Q

Androcentrism

A

Male centred, seeing males as the norm

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4
Q

Gynocentrism

A

Female centred, seeing females as the norm

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5
Q

Examples of alpha gender bias

A

Grossman role of the father

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6
Q

Example of beta gender bias

A

Zimbardo (androcentric)
Ainsworth (gynocentric)

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7
Q

Causes of gender bias

A

Social inequality - most studies were carried out 50 years ago when most researchers were men
Inequality in research - rosenthal found that men researchers treated women differently when participants

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8
Q

Consequences of gender bias

A

Prejudice - could leads to discrimination
Wrongly applied findings

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9
Q

Solutions to gender bias

A

Feminist psychology - include representation for each gender in sample and research team
Universality - different but equal

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10
Q

Alpha culture bias

A

Exaggerating differences between cultures and favouring one over the other

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11
Q

Beta culture bias

A

Ignoring difference between cultures and assuming they are both the same

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12
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Viewing other cultures from the perspective of your own

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13
Q

Imposed etic

A

Using culturally specific method in another culture

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14
Q

Cultural relativism

A

Seeing each culture as separate and judging it on its own norms and values

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15
Q

Example of alpha culture bias

A

Van Ijzendoorn

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16
Q

Example of beta culture bias

A

Most studies
Zimbardo

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17
Q

Example of imposed etic and ethnocentrism

A

Strange situation method

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18
Q

Causes of culture bias

A

Ethnocentrism in education - most studies you learn about in school are US or UK based research and written in English
Social inequality - most funding for research goes to affluent middle class

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19
Q

Consequences for cultural bias

A

Prejudice
Wrongly applied findings

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20
Q

Solutions to culture bias

A

Indigenous psychologies - employ psychologists who are from each culture to translate the method into something that is more relevant to that culture
Globalisation - development of technology and trnasport mean we know more about cultures than before

21
Q

Free will

A

We are in control of our actions and behaviours regardless of external or internal influences

22
Q

Free will evaluation

A

Important for moral responsibility
Most people believe we have free will

23
Q

Determinism

A

Free will does not exist and all of our actions are caused by external and internal influences

24
Q

Types of determinism

A

Hard, soft, biological, environmental, psychic

25
Q

Determinism evaluation

A

More scientific
More useful
Research - libet found there was brain activity fractions of a second before the participant felt the conscious urge to press a button

26
Q

Nature

A

The belief that our characteristics are given to us innately through genetic inheritance

27
Q

Evaluation for nature

A

Family studies
Twin studies
Adoption studies
Candidate gene research

28
Q

Nurture

A

Idea that we are born as blank slates and our characteristics are the product of our upbringing and experiences

29
Q

Nurture debates

A

Family studies and twin studies, siblings or twins share the same enviorment
Corcordajce rates are never 100%
Hard to control all variables in adoption studies
Candidate genes - epigenetics can change genes

30
Q

Interactionist approach

A

Belief that both nature and nurture are involved

31
Q

Diathesis stress

A

Assumes we have genetic predisposition but life events cause genes to express themselves

32
Q

Holism

A

Explaining a behaviour by looking at all of the different aspects and the interactions between them

33
Q

Holism evaluation

A

More valid
Necessary for understanding complex phenomena like consciousness

34
Q

Reductionist

A

Breaking down phenomena to its constituent parts and ignoring the connection between parts.

35
Q

Types of reductionism

A

Biological, environmental, machine, experimental

36
Q

Reductionist evaluation

A

Easier to carry out
More useful for application like treatments
Allows for specialism

37
Q

Nomothetic

A

Large samples, quantitative methods, hypothesis testing, creates general laws

38
Q

Idiographic

A

Sees individual experiences as most important
Small samples, qualitative methods eg case studies unstructured interviews, does not use hypothesis, find exceptions to general laws

39
Q

Idiographic evaluation

A

More internal validity
More useful for specific people
Required to find exceptions

40
Q

Nomothetic emulation

A

More reliable
More applications

41
Q

Ethical implications

A

Effect a study can have on society

42
Q

Socially sensitive research

A

Any research that could have a negative effect on a specific group

43
Q

Sieber and Stanley

A

Identified 4 problematic areas for socially sensitive research

44
Q

Research question

A

Asking certain questions gives them scientific credibility and the researchers intentions are in question

45
Q

Treatment of participants

A

Must ensure anonymity

46
Q

Institutional context

A

Researchers may manipulate data or not publish findings they don’t like (publication bias)

47
Q

Interpretation and application of findings

A

Media or general public can interpret them in damaging ways

48
Q

Solutions for ethical implications

A

Avoid all socially sensitive research
All research should be pre registered
Stricter rules about how the media report on science

Pyschology (13 decks)

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