Paper 3 : Cognition And Development Key Studies Flashcards
Howe et al
Children age 9-12 placed in groups of 4
Studied and discussed objects moving down a slope
Afterwards came to different conclusions (Supports Piaget that children form their own mental representations )
Piaget object permanence
When objects were removed children under 8 months stopped looking for it. Over 8 months continued searching for it
Piaget conservation
Two identical rows of counters placed next to eachother. Asked children if they are the same or one has more . Ask children again after increasing space between counters. Pre operational children say there are fewer counters
Piaget and Inhelder egocentrism
Three mountains task
A child is presented three mountains with a doll sat next to them. The child had to identify what the doll would see by identifying a image from a range of pictures
Pre operational children chose picture which matched their own view
Piaget and Inhelder class inclusion
Showed 7 and 8 year olds pictures with 5 dogs and 2 cats. Asked are there more dogs than animals. Younger children said more dogs
Syllogisms
Smith et al
All yellow cats have two heads. I have a yellow cat called Charlie. How many heads does Charlie have
Hughes
Argued Piaget three mountains task was over complicated
Found children of 3 and a half could decentre when task was more realistic. Doll representing policeman and naughty boy
Siegler and Sventina
100 5 year olds
3 sessions of 10 class inclusion tasks
Children were capable of class inclusion
Bratmetz
7-15 year olds
Only 1 15 year old could reliably complete formal reasoning task
Dasen
Only a third of adults ever reach formal operations stage
Conner and Cross
Longitudinal study with 45 children
Mothers decreased help as children got older
Mcnaughton and leyland
Mothers helped less with easier jigsaws
Baillargeon VOE
Compared babies reaction to expected and unexpected events
24 5-6 month old
33.07 seconds for unexpected
25.11 seconds for expected
Selmans perspective taking research
30 boys 30 girls
20 ages 4, aged 5, aged 6
Used scenarios to to get children’s o explain how each person felt in situations
Significant positive correlation between age and perspective
Marton et al
Compared 8-12 year olds with ADHD
Found those with ADHD did worse on scenario understanding amd perspective taking
Wu and Keysar
Found young Chinese adults did significantly better in perspective taking than Americans p. Supports selmans assumption that both maturity and social environment contribute to perspective
Meltzoffe
Intentional reasoning task
Beads in a jar
18 month olds
Adults struggling to place beads in a jar
Wimmer and Perner
3-4 year old story
Maxi left chocolate in blue cupboard, mother moved chocolate to green cupboard. Where would maxi look for chocolate
3 year olds said green
4 year olds said blue
Sally Anne task
Baron and cohen used sally anne task to test 20 ASD, 14 Down syndrome, 27 normal
85% of control correct
20% of ASD correct
Eyes task
Baron and cohen developed as more of a challenging test of ToM and found that adults with ASD struggled
Bloom and German
Suggest false belief tasks require memory
Tager and Flusberg
ToM deficits are not present in all austistic people and if you have ToM deficits it also doesn’t mean you have autism
Rizzolatti et al
Discovered mirror neurons in monkeys
Gallese and Goldman
Suggest mirror neurons respond to peoples intentions
Haker et al
fMRI scans
Showed brodmanns area was rich in mirror neurons, was involved in contagious yawning
Hickok
Only know mirror neurons by their function and have failed to be able to identify individual cells and see the difference between normal neurons
Hadjikhani
Found structural differences in brain areas with lots of mirror neurons in ASD brains compared to normal brains
