Paper 3 : Cognition And Development Key Studies

Question 1

Howe et al

Answer 1

Children age 9-12 placed in groups of 4
Studied and discussed objects moving down a slope
Afterwards came to different conclusions (Supports Piaget that children form their own mental representations )

Question 2

Piaget object permanence

Answer 2

When objects were removed children under 8 months stopped looking for it. Over 8 months continued searching for it

Question 3

Piaget conservation

Answer 3

Two identical rows of counters placed next to eachother. Asked children if they are the same or one has more . Ask children again after increasing space between counters. Pre operational children say there are fewer counters

Question 4

Piaget and Inhelder egocentrism

Answer 4

Three mountains task
A child is presented three mountains with a doll sat next to them. The child had to identify what the doll would see by identifying a image from a range of pictures
Pre operational children chose picture which matched their own view

Question 5

Piaget and Inhelder class inclusion

Answer 5

Showed 7 and 8 year olds pictures with 5 dogs and 2 cats. Asked are there more dogs than animals. Younger children said more dogs

Question 6

Syllogisms

Answer 6

Smith et al
All yellow cats have two heads. I have a yellow cat called Charlie. How many heads does Charlie have

Question 7

Hughes

Answer 7

Argued Piaget three mountains task was over complicated
Found children of 3 and a half could decentre when task was more realistic. Doll representing policeman and naughty boy

Question 8

Siegler and Sventina

Answer 8

100 5 year olds
3 sessions of 10 class inclusion tasks
Children were capable of class inclusion

Question 9

Bratmetz

Answer 9

7-15 year olds
Only 1 15 year old could reliably complete formal reasoning task

Question 10

Dasen

Answer 10

Only a third of adults ever reach formal operations stage

Question 11

Conner and Cross

Answer 11

Longitudinal study with 45 children
Mothers decreased help as children got older

Question 12

Mcnaughton and leyland

Answer 12

Mothers helped less with easier jigsaws

Question 13

Baillargeon VOE

Answer 13

Compared babies reaction to expected and unexpected events
24 5-6 month old
33.07 seconds for unexpected
25.11 seconds for expected

Question 14

Selmans perspective taking research

Answer 14

30 boys 30 girls
20 ages 4, aged 5, aged 6
Used scenarios to to get children’s o explain how each person felt in situations
Significant positive correlation between age and perspective

Question 15

Marton et al

Answer 15

Compared 8-12 year olds with ADHD
Found those with ADHD did worse on scenario understanding amd perspective taking

Question 16

Wu and Keysar

Answer 16

Found young Chinese adults did significantly better in perspective taking than Americans p. Supports selmans assumption that both maturity and social environment contribute to perspective

Question 17

Meltzoffe

Answer 17

Intentional reasoning task
Beads in a jar
18 month olds
Adults struggling to place beads in a jar

Question 18

Wimmer and Perner

Answer 18

3-4 year old story
Maxi left chocolate in blue cupboard, mother moved chocolate to green cupboard. Where would maxi look for chocolate
3 year olds said green
4 year olds said blue

Question 19

Sally Anne task

Answer 19

Baron and cohen used sally anne task to test 20 ASD, 14 Down syndrome, 27 normal
85% of control correct
20% of ASD correct

Question 20

Eyes task

Answer 20

Baron and cohen developed as more of a challenging test of ToM and found that adults with ASD struggled

Question 21

Bloom and German

Answer 21

Suggest false belief tasks require memory

Question 22

Tager and Flusberg

Answer 22

ToM deficits are not present in all austistic people and if you have ToM deficits it also doesn’t mean you have autism

Question 23

Rizzolatti et al

Answer 23

Discovered mirror neurons in monkeys

Question 24

Gallese and Goldman

Answer 24

Suggest mirror neurons respond to peoples intentions

Question 25

Haker et al

Answer 25

fMRI scans
Showed brodmanns area was rich in mirror neurons, was involved in contagious yawning

Question 26

Hickok

Answer 26

Only know mirror neurons by their function and have failed to be able to identify individual cells and see the difference between normal neurons

Question 27

Hadjikhani

Answer 27

Found structural differences in brain areas with lots of mirror neurons in ASD brains compared to normal brains