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pyschology > Paper 2 : Biopyschology > Flashcards

Paper 2 : Biopyschology Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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3
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Contains sensory and motor neurones, used for reflexes

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5
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Carries signal from a receptor to the CNS
Cells body sticks out from its side
Lomg dendirtes
Short axon

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6
Q

Relay neuron

A

Carries signal from sensory neurone to motor neurone
Only found in CNS
Short dendrites, short axon

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7
Q

Motor neuron

A

Carries a signal from CNS to a muscle/gland
Short dendrites, long axon

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8
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitters

A

More likely to reach action potential and fire

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9
Q

Inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

Less likely to reach action potential and fire

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10
Q

Pituary gland

A

Growth hormones, ACTH
Regulates other hormones and glands

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11
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Adrenaline
Causes fight or flight response

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12
Q

Pineal gland

A

Melatonin
Tiredness

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13
Q

Ovaries

A

Progesterone and oestrogen
Promotes female sex characteristics

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14
Q

Testes

A

Testerone
Promotes male sex characteristics

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15
Q

Fight or flight response

A
  1. Stressor or threat is recognised by amygdala
  2. Amygdala alerts hypothalamus
  3. Activates sympathic nervous system
  4. Adrenal gland releases adrenaline
  5. Create fight or flight response
  6. Once threat has passed hypothalamus alerts parasympathetic nervous system and this calms the body down
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16
Q

What’s the role of cortisol

A

Long term stressor. Cortisol gives body extra energy but inhibits immune system

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17
Q

Localisation of function

A

Theory that different parts of the brain are solely responsible for certain tasks or abilities

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18
Q

Broca’s area

A

Responsible for producing speech

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19
Q

Motor cortex

A

Responsible for generating voluntary movement

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20
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Responsible for sensations

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21
Q

Visual cortex

A

Registers visual information

22
Q

Wernickes area

A

Responsible for processing lanaguage

23
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Register audio information

24
Q

Localisation of function ev.

A

Wernickes and Broca’s aphasia
Patient HM had hippocampus removed and lost specific ability
Brain scan evidence specific regions are activated during specific tasks fMRI scans

Functional recovery
Reductionist
Equipotentiality

25
Q

Hemispheric lateralisation of function

A

The left hemisphere and right hemisphere have different functions

26
Q

Split brain research

A

Used to treat epilepsy
Corpus callosum cut
Stops two hemispheres from communicating
Sperry used 11 spilt brain patients and shown words on either side of the screen Sperry found that they were able to say the words that appeared to the right of the screen (and therefore their left hemisphere), but not the left of the screen (right hemisphere)
Language must be in left hemisphere

27
Q

Gazzaniga

A

Found facial recognition was in right hemisphere

28
Q

Function lateralisation evaluation

A

+Sperry
+evolution, dual task
-patient JW learnt to read words on the left side too
-hemispherectomy under 5 patients could still have full function

29
Q

Plasticity of brain

A

The ability for the brain to change

30
Q

Bridging

A

New synapses are made as neurons grow new axons to connect to other neurons. The more connections, the more abilities the brain has

31
Q

Pruning

A

Unused connections are destroyed to make the brain more efficient

32
Q

Plasticity evaluation

A

+maguire, black cab taxi drivers had a more condense hippocampus as they had to learn all the streets of London
+patient JW

33
Q

Functional recovery

A

Regaining a lost ability

34
Q

Neuronal unmasking

A

After damage to an area the function may be regained by activating a previously dormant area

35
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells can be transplanted to differentiate into the needed cells

36
Q

Functional recovery evaluation

A

-Schneider found people with university level education were more likely to be able to do functional recovery than people who had high school level education
-correlation doesn’t mean causation

37
Q

fMRI

A

Measures blood flow using oxygen
+high spatial resolution (can see where it is)
-lacks temporal resolution (can’t see when it happened)

38
Q

EEG

A

Measures electrical activity using electrodes on scalp
+high temporal resolution
-low spatial resolution

39
Q

ERP

A

EEG but patient is asked to repeat activity over and over again. Reduces brain noise
+stimulus response and temporal validity
-needs lots of trials so limits type of task

40
Q

Post-mortem

A

Brain after death
+detailed analysis
-retrospective can’t see cause and effect

41
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Sleep wake cycle controlled by SCN
Body temperature, as temp lowers Boyd prepares for sleep
Hormone production (cortisol and melatonin), melatonin makes us sleepy

42
Q

Circadian rhythms evaluation

A

Siffre lived in a cave without natural light for several months. Kept a fairly normal sleep wake cycle
RWA heart attacks are more common in morning so medications can e taken at night
Extraneous variables, siffre used artificial light
Individual differences

43
Q

Infradian rhythms

A

Less than once a day eg menstrual cycle or seasonal affective disorder

44
Q

Infradian rhythms evaluation

A
  • cycles may be controlled externally rather than only by these hormones McClintock women sychronisjed to other womens of exposed to their sweat pheromones
    +phototherapy improved depression
    -could be other seasonal factors
45
Q

Ultradian rhythms

A

More than once a day eg sleep stages. We experienced 5 stages of sleep in 90min cycles
Basic rest activity cycle 90min cycle of alert and fatigue

46
Q

Ultradian rhythms evaluation

A

Dement and Kleitman woke people up during REM or non REM. 89% woken up during REM recalled dreaming. Only 8% recalled dreams from non REM
Sleep cycles varies through life
Ericcson saw violinist noticed consistent 90min cycle practice and napped more frequently
RWA lunch breaks

47
Q

Endogenous pacemakers

A

Internal cues to help regulate rhythms eg SCN has its own protein life cycle that lasts 24 hours

48
Q

Endogenous pacemakers evaluation

A

Morgan bred hamsters with 20 hour SCN and thier offspring adopted 20 SCN
Siffre

49
Q

Exogenous zeitgebers

A

External cues to regulate rhythms, light is received by photoreceptors in retina which inhibits melatonin levels to keep us alert
Social cues

50
Q

Exogenous zeitgebers evaluation

A

Czeisler used artificial light and changed peoples sleep wale cycle from 22 hours to 28 hours
Siffre kept 25 hour sleep wake cycle

pyschology (13 decks)

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