Paper2: Cognitive-Grant et al

Question 1

Describe the aim for grant et al?

Answer 1

• looked at how the environment can impact on memory recall
• whether memory recalled in the same environment was better than in a different environment

Question 2

What was the sample in Grant et al?

Answer 2

• 8 psychology students each recruited 5 friends
• 39 participants 1 removed
• 17 females 23 males

Question 3

What is context dependent memory?

Answer 3

• Recall when the context present at encoding and retrieval are the same

Question 4

what type of research method was grant et al?

Answer 4

• laboratory experiment
• independent measures

Question 5

What was the independent variable?

Answer 5

• whether they read article in noisy or silent conditions
  whether they were tested in mismatched conditions

Question 6

What was the dependent variable?

Answer 6

• Participants performance on short-answer recall test and multiple choice recall test.

Question 7

Describe the procedure

Answer 7

1. allocated noisy silent conditions
2. given headphones and cassetes, cafe noise, 2page article
3. participants were all instructed what to do
4. answered 16 multiple choice questions
5. 10 short answer questions

Question 8

Describe the results

Answer 8

• participants recalled information best in matched conditions
• matched silent conditions did best
• participants performed worse in mismatched conditions

Question 9

Describe the conclusions from grant et al?

Answer 9

• testing should be done in matched conditions
• silent environment is best
• environment affects memory

Question 10

What were the strengths to Grant?

Answer 10

• high validity, extraneous variables controlled
• standardised procedure and equipment
• high replicability, easy and simple

Question 11

What was the 2page article about?

Answer 11

• psychoimmunology

Question 12

What were the weaknesses to the study?

Answer 12

• individual differences impacts validity, independent measures design used
• lab setting was artificial lowering ecological validity
• use of students restricts generalisability, friends may be similar too

Question 13

Describe ethics of grant et al?

Answer 13

• students gave consent
• fully debriefed
• easy withdrawal

Question 14

How is grant et al useful?

Answer 14

• students and studying for exams - better to study with minimal background noise in order to benefit from context-dependency effects.

Question 15

How is grant et al deterministic?

Answer 15

• memory is determined by whether the environment we encode the memory is the same as which we recall it

Question 16

How is grant et al reductionist?

Answer 16

• looks at 1 factor affecting memory - context dependency

Question 17

What are the similarities between Loftus and grant?

Answer 17

• university campus, laboratory settings
• independent measures designs used - variables influence results
• collected quantitative results

Question 18

What were the differences between Loftus and grant?

Answer 18

• Loftus and Palmer wanted to generalise but couldn’t.
• Grant et al could generalise to their target
• Loftus was lower in socially sensitive research due to possible triggers

Question 19

How doe loftus and grant link to the cognitive area?

Answer 19

• memory and attention
• look at how memory can be manipulated by post event info or the environment