Paper1: Data Recording, analysis, and presentation Flashcards
(59 cards)
1
Q
describe nominal data
A
- recording data in totals of named categories
- nominate for category
2
Q
describe ordinal data
A
- recording data as points along a scale
- gaps between points are not always equal
- rank
3
Q
describe interval data
A
- recording data on a scale where gaps between intervals are equal
- time
4
Q
describe quantitative data
A
- numerical data
5
Q
describe qualitative data
A
- descriptive data
6
Q
describe primary data
A
- data gathered directly from the sample
7
Q
describe secondary data
A
- data from other researchers
8
Q
what are the ways to measure central tendency
A
mode
mean
median
9
Q
describe measures of central tendency
A
way to describe an average from results
10
Q
what are the ways to measure dispersion
A
variance
range
standard deviation
11
Q
describe measures of dispersion
A
way to describe the variance of the spread of scores
12
Q
describe the variance
A
average of the squared differences from the mean
13
Q
describe standard deviation
A
measure of how spread out the scores are in a data set
square root of variance
14
Q
describe tables of critical value
A
- psychologists can compare the calculated observed value of their data with the critical data
- find significance of their own data
15
Q
when should we use parametric tests
A
- data has to be interval or ratio
- data has to have a curve of normal distribution
- variances should be similar
16
Q
give examples of parametric testing
A
- t tests
- anova tests
17
Q
when should we use non-parametric tests
A
- when data does not show a normal distribution curve
18
Q
give examples of non-parametric testing
A
- chi squared
- mann whitney U
- wilcoxon signed ranks
- binominal sign tests
- spearmans rank
19
Q
Describe Mann-Whitney U test
A
- used with ordinal data
- interval
- ratio
- independent measures
20
Q
Describe Wilcoxon test
A
- ordinal data
- repeated measures design
21
Q
Describe binominal sign test
A
- nominal data
- repeated design
22
Q
describe spearmans rank
A
- paired scores
- ordinal
- test for correlation
23
Q
describe Type1 errors
A
- rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
24
Q
describe type2 errors
A
- accepting the null hypothesis when it is not true
25
the symbol for smaller than
<
26
the symbol for greater than
>
27
describe representativeness
- the extent at which a sample contains the key features of the target population
- findings need to be generalised
28
describe generalisability
- the extent that findings from one sample or situation can be applied to another
29
describe reliability
- consistency of a measure
30
describe internal reliability
- consistency of results of a test across items within a test
31
describe external reliability
- procedure gives same result every time
- in same situation, same time
32
describe inter-rater reliability
- researchers consistently observe same behaviour
- positive = high
33
describe test-retest reliability
- use same test twice
34
describe split half reliability
- compare two halves of test
35
describe validity
- how accurate a piece of research or test is at measuring what it aims to measure
36
describe internal validity
- do the procedures achieve the intended measures
37
describe face validity
- face value
- tests what it claims to
38
describe construct validity
- does the phenomenon really exist
39
describe concurrent validity
- different measures of same thing give similar results
40
describe criterion validity
- one measure predicts the value of another
41
describe population validity
- findings from one sample can be generalised to the target population
42
describe ecological validity
- the extent to which findings from one situation generalise to other situations.
- research accurately measures real life
43
describe researcher bias
- tendency for the researcher to act in a way that influences the results due to own beliefs, gender etc
44
what are the advantages of quantitative data?
- easier to obtain
- objective
45
what are the disadvantages of qualitative data?
- bias
- difficult to obtain
- time consuming
46
What is the formula for standard deviation?
see wall
47
What is the formula for spearman's rank?
see wall
48
what is the formula for wilcoxon's signed ranks?
see wall
49
what is the formula for mann whitney u?
see wall
50
what is the formula for chi squared?
see wall
51
when is the value significant for chi squared?
observed is greater than
52
when is the value significant for mann whitney u?
observed is less than
53
when is the value significant for wilcoxon?
observed is less than
54
when is the value significant for binomial test?
observed is less than
55
when is the value significant for spearmans rank?
greater than
56
what is a strength of nominal data?
qualitative
57
what is a strength of ordinal data
quantitative
comparitative
58
what is a limitation of nominal data?
low level of measurement
59
what is a limitation of ordinal data?
narrow interpretation of data
