Paper1: Data Recording, analysis, and presentation Flashcards
describe nominal data
- recording data in totals of named categories
- nominate for category
describe ordinal data
- recording data as points along a scale
- gaps between points are not always equal
- rank
describe interval data
- recording data on a scale where gaps between intervals are equal
- time
describe quantitative data
- numerical data
describe qualitative data
- descriptive data
describe primary data
- data gathered directly from the sample
describe secondary data
- data from other researchers
what are the ways to measure central tendency
mode
mean
median
describe measures of central tendency
way to describe an average from results
what are the ways to measure dispersion
variance
range
standard deviation
describe measures of dispersion
way to describe the variance of the spread of scores
describe the variance
average of the squared differences from the mean
describe standard deviation
measure of how spread out the scores are in a data set
square root of variance
describe tables of critical value
- psychologists can compare the calculated observed value of their data with the critical data
- find significance of their own data
when should we use parametric tests
- data has to be interval or ratio
- data has to have a curve of normal distribution
- variances should be similar
give examples of parametric testing
- t tests
- anova tests
when should we use non-parametric tests
- when data does not show a normal distribution curve
give examples of non-parametric testing
- chi squared
- mann whitney U
- wilcoxon signed ranks
- binominal sign tests
- spearmans rank
Describe Mann-Whitney U test
- used with ordinal data
- interval
- ratio
- independent measures
Describe Wilcoxon test
- ordinal data
- repeated measures design
Describe binominal sign test
- nominal data
- repeated design
describe spearmans rank
- paired scores
- ordinal
- test for correlation
describe Type1 errors
- rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true
describe type2 errors
- accepting the null hypothesis when it is not true
the symbol for smaller than
<
the symbol for greater than
>
describe representativeness
- the extent at which a sample contains the key features of the target population
- findings need to be generalised
describe generalisability
- the extent that findings from one sample or situation can be applied to another
describe reliability
- consistency of a measure
describe internal reliability
- consistency of results of a test across items within a test
describe external reliability
- procedure gives same result every time
- in same situation, same time
describe inter-rater reliability
- researchers consistently observe same behaviour
- positive = high
describe test-retest reliability
- use same test twice
describe split half reliability
- compare two halves of test
describe validity
- how accurate a piece of research or test is at measuring what it aims to measure
describe internal validity
- do the procedures achieve the intended measures
describe face validity
- face value
- tests what it claims to
describe construct validity
- does the phenomenon really exist
describe concurrent validity
- different measures of same thing give similar results
describe criterion validity
- one measure predicts the value of another
describe population validity
- findings from one sample can be generalised to the target population
describe ecological validity
- the extent to which findings from one situation generalise to other situations.
- research accurately measures real life
describe researcher bias
- tendency for the researcher to act in a way that influences the results due to own beliefs, gender etc
what are the advantages of quantitative data?
- easier to obtain
- objective
what are the disadvantages of qualitative data?
- bias
- difficult to obtain
- time consuming
What is the formula for standard deviation?
see wall
What is the formula for spearman’s rank?
see wall
what is the formula for wilcoxon’s signed ranks?
see wall
what is the formula for mann whitney u?
see wall
what is the formula for chi squared?
see wall
when is the value significant for chi squared?
observed is greater than
when is the value significant for mann whitney u?
observed is less than
when is the value significant for wilcoxon?
observed is less than
when is the value significant for binomial test?
observed is less than
when is the value significant for spearmans rank?
greater than
what is a strength of nominal data?
qualitative
what is a strength of ordinal data
quantitative
comparitative
what is a limitation of nominal data?
low level of measurement
what is a limitation of ordinal data?
narrow interpretation of data
