PAPER 2 - Stages of Learning, Guidance and Feedback Flashcards
what are the 3 stages of learning?
cognitive
associative
autonomous
define performance?
a temporary measurement that can alter from time to time
what is the cognitive stage of learning?
- this is the thinking stage
- where the performer creates a mental picture of the skill being performed
- looks out for any visual cues
- movements are jerky and lack fluency
- trial and error and lots of mistakes
what type of feedback should a coach use for a performer in the cognitive stage of learning?
extrinsic feedback and needs to be simple and positive
reinforce positive movements followed by negative feedback so the performer is not demotivated
what is the associative stage of learning?
this is the practice stage
- matching the mental picture to performance and actually doing the skill
- practice and rehearsal occur
- MP form
- more fluency and less mistakes made
what type of feedback should a coach use for the associative stage of learning?
less focus on external feedback and now more focus on intrinsic/kinaesthetic feedback
eg: knowledge of performance - how the skill felt to perform
what is the autonomous stage of learning?
the expert stage when MP have fully formed and have been over learnt
- movements are smooth and fluent
- spare attention can be used for tactics and environmental factors
what feedback should a performer in the autonomous stage of learning use?
intrinsic feedback so they can get a kinaesthetic feel for the skill
negative feedback from coach so they can fine tune their skill
once the performer has reached the autonomous stage of learning what do they need to ensure they do?
keep practicing the skill in the associative stage of learning so they do not forget it
what is guidance?
any form of information provided by a coach/other source to improve learning
what are the four types of guidance?
manual
mechanical
verbal
visual
what is visual guidance?
info gained through what you see usually in the form of a visual demonstration - which needs to be clear/correct/accurate
adv of visual guidance?
- good for all stages of learning
- form a mental pic of skill
- useful for highlighting technical points
- complex skills
disadv of visual guidance?
- the demonstration needs to be clear and correct
- dependant on expensive video equip
- some skills may be too complex
- difficult to use in isolation
what is verbal guidance?
info gained through what you are told/hear
how is verbal guidance adapted depending on the age of the performer?
younger: shorter and simpler
older: longer and more complex
adv of verbal guidance?
- helps direct the learner to important cues
- allows skills for an expert to be refined and novices can create a mental pic of the skill
- quick feedback that can be given during a game situation
- useful for all three stages of learning
diadv of verbal guidance?
- dependant on the coaches ability to express info properly
- not effective when used in isolation
- some techniques are too complex to be verbally described
- can become boring if too long
what is manual guidance?
where a coach physically supports a performer through the movements of a skill
what is mechanical guidance?
the use of equipment to either restrict/support movements through a skill
adv of manual/mechanical guidance?
- builds confidence and reduces fear
- helps reduce risk in a dangerous situation
- develops kinaesthetic feel of the movements of a skill
- good for novices
- helps to develop complex moves
give an example of mechanical guidance in sport?
a swimmer using a float will reduce their fear
disadv of manual/mechanical guidance?
- limited use in large groups
- cannot be
- may become reliant on mechanical guidance e.g. harness during a trampoline somersault
