PAPER 2 - Stages of Learning, Guidance and Feedback

Question 1

what are the 3 stages of learning?

Answer 1

cognitive
associative
autonomous

Question 2

define performance?

Answer 2

a temporary measurement that can alter from time to time

Question 3

what is the cognitive stage of learning?

Answer 3

• this is the thinking stage
• where the performer creates a mental picture of the skill being performed
• looks out for any visual cues
• movements are jerky and lack fluency
• trial and error and lots of mistakes

Question 4

what type of feedback should a coach use for a performer in the cognitive stage of learning?

Answer 4

extrinsic feedback and needs to be simple and positive

reinforce positive movements followed by negative feedback so the performer is not demotivated

Question 5

what is the associative stage of learning?

Answer 5

this is the practice stage
- matching the mental picture to performance and actually doing the skill
- practice and rehearsal occur
- MP form
- more fluency and less mistakes made

Question 6

what type of feedback should a coach use for the associative stage of learning?

Answer 6

less focus on external feedback and now more focus on intrinsic/kinaesthetic feedback
eg: knowledge of performance - how the skill felt to perform

Question 7

what is the autonomous stage of learning?

Answer 7

the expert stage when MP have fully formed and have been over learnt
- movements are smooth and fluent
- spare attention can be used for tactics and environmental factors

Question 7

what feedback should a performer in the autonomous stage of learning use?

Answer 7

intrinsic feedback so they can get a kinaesthetic feel for the skill

negative feedback from coach so they can fine tune their skill

Question 8

once the performer has reached the autonomous stage of learning what do they need to ensure they do?

Answer 8

keep practicing the skill in the associative stage of learning so they do not forget it

Question 9

what is guidance?

Answer 9

any form of information provided by a coach/other source to improve learning

Question 10

what are the four types of guidance?

Answer 10

manual
mechanical
verbal
visual

Question 11

what is visual guidance?

Answer 11

info gained through what you see usually in the form of a visual demonstration - which needs to be clear/correct/accurate

Question 12

adv of visual guidance?

Answer 12

• good for all stages of learning
• form a mental pic of skill
• useful for highlighting technical points
• complex skills

Question 13

disadv of visual guidance?

Answer 13

• the demonstration needs to be clear and correct
• dependant on expensive video equip
• some skills may be too complex
• difficult to use in isolation

Question 14

what is verbal guidance?

Answer 14

info gained through what you are told/hear

Question 15

how is verbal guidance adapted depending on the age of the performer?

Answer 15

younger: shorter and simpler
older: longer and more complex

Question 16

adv of verbal guidance?

Answer 16

• helps direct the learner to important cues
• allows skills for an expert to be refined and novices can create a mental pic of the skill
• quick feedback that can be given during a game situation
• useful for all three stages of learning

Question 17

diadv of verbal guidance?

Answer 17

• dependant on the coaches ability to express info properly
• not effective when used in isolation
• some techniques are too complex to be verbally described
• can become boring if too long

Question 18

what is manual guidance?

Answer 18

where a coach physically supports a performer through the movements of a skill

Question 19

what is mechanical guidance?

Answer 19

the use of equipment to either restrict/support movements through a skill

Question 20

adv of manual/mechanical guidance?

Answer 20

• builds confidence and reduces fear
• helps reduce risk in a dangerous situation
• develops kinaesthetic feel of the movements of a skill
• good for novices
• helps to develop complex moves

Question 21

give an example of mechanical guidance in sport?

Answer 21

a swimmer using a float will reduce their fear

Question 22

disadv of manual/mechanical guidance?

Answer 22

• limited use in large groups
• cannot be
• may become reliant on mechanical guidance e.g. harness during a trampoline somersault