PAPER 2 - Learning Theories Flashcards by riya sumal

what are the theories of learning?

operant conditioning
cognitive theory
observational/social learning theory

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operant conditioning is a method of learning by ___

association

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what is operant conditioning?

learning by association and connecting a stimulus to a response to create an SR bond

involves:
- shaping/conditioning behaviour towards a stimulus
- using trial and error
- reinforcement and punishment

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what are the two key elements of operant conditioning?

reinforcement
thorndikes laws

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what is reinforcement?

a process that increases the probability of behaviour occurring - used to strengthen the correct SR bond

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what are the two types of reinforcement?

positive and negative

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what are Thorndike’s three laws?

law of exercise
law of effect
law of readiness

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what is positive reinforcement and give an example?

when a stimulus is given after a correct response to strengthen the SR bond
eg: giving praise or a reward

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what is negative reinforcement and give an example?

when an unpleasant stimulus is given and then withdrawn when the correct response is done - strengthens the SR bond

eg: a coach shouting at a performer for bad passing but taking it away after they are successful

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what is punishment and give an example

this is when a stimulus is given to prevent a response occurring - weakens the SR bond

eg: a yellow or red card in football

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when should reinforcement and punishment occur?

as soon as possible after the behaviour occurs so they can make the improvement straight away

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what is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

negative reinforcement strengthens the SR bond but punishment weakens it

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what are the four stages of operant conditioning (use smash in badminton as an example)?

conditioning the situation using the stimuli in order to bring about the desired response. eg: manipulating the environment by adding hoops on the opposite side of the court to allow the performer to aim into it
this allows for behaviour shaping and the nature of the serve will induce the smash shot and even when the correct technique is used it may not result in a successful smash
this theory uses trial and error to allow the performer to develop their technique. eg: if a performer does a smash when the serve is low, it hits the net so the performer understands the requirements
use of reinforcement either positive of negative to strengthen the SR bond and punishment to weaken the SR bond

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when should reinforcement/punishment be used in operant conditioning?

as soon as possible after the behaviour (correct or incorrect) for it to be effectively improved

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can reinforcement in operant conditioning ever be too much?

yes can be damaging and the performer may become too reliant on it and will lose its value

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what is the difference between complete and partial reinforcement?

COMPLETE: reward is given on every occasion so learning is faster

INCOMPLETE: reward is given after a number of correct responses and takes longer BUT lasts longer

what are thorndikes three laws?

law of exercise
law of effect
law of readiness

what is thorndikes law of exercise (use basketball free throw as an example)?

if a player practices a basketball free throw repeatedly for 20 mins every day, this will strengthen the SR bond

what is thorndikes law of effect (use basketball free throw as an example)?

if a player attempts a free throw and the effect is successful they will feel satisfaction so are more likely to repeat it again so strengthens the correct SR bond

but if the effect is unsuccessful then this will cause the performer to avoid it and this weakens the SR bond

what is thorndikes law of readiness (use basketball free throw as an example)?

the performer needs to be physically and mentally ready and able to throw the free throw far enough to strengthen the SR bond

how could you condition the environment to make a younger performer able to throw the free throw far enough to have a chance of scoring?

lower the net/hoop and condition environment to make it possible

who was operant conditioning developed by?

Skinner

who developed social/observational learning theory?

Bandura

what is the social learning theory?

how we watch and copy other people, and how we tend to pay attention to specific people

in social learning theory, what increases our chances of copying the model?

if the person is a significant other: coach teacher family/friend role model same sex/age

what are the four processes in the social/observational learning theory?

attention retention motor reproduction motivation

explain the four processes of social learning theory?

attention: observer needs to pay attention to demonstration and look out for important visual cues retention: observer needs to remember the model and create a mental image of the skill/process motor reproduction: the observer needs to be physically able to copy the model and carry out the skill (similar capability) motivation: observer needs to want to actually carry out and copy the model

what 5 factors make us more likely to copy the model?

1) similar in age/sex/sport 2) high status like parent/role model 3) caring and friendly (friends/teammates/coach) 4) rewarded for their behaviour (medal/trophy) 5) demonstrations need to be clear and accurate

what is the cognitive theory of learning?

learning the skill as a whole and suggests an individuals learn by thinking and understanding what is required by the skill

who developed the cognitive theory of learning?

gestalt

what are the two principles of cognitive theory of learning?

1. learning through insight learning which involves problem solving through memory 2. learning the skill as a whole

in the cognitive theory of learning what are the three components of insight learning?

PERCEPTION: interpreting incoming environmental cues and understanding them PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE: adapting previous similar experiences to help solve the current problem INTERVENING VARIABLES: being able to make sense of the thoughts occurring between the stimulus being received and the response being carried out

what is an advantage of operant conditioning?

it allows the performer to develop and learn the skill by themselves without too much guidance from the coach which allows them to be able to adapt it in a game situation if there is a slightly different stimulus

what are 3 advantages of cognitive theory of learning?

- develop kinaesthesis learning the skill as a whole - performer becomes more self dependant having to problem solve - can adapt to different situations

what are the 4 disadvantages of cognitive theory of learning?

- learning as a whole can be demotivating if they cannot complete it - complex of dangerous skills should not follow this whole practice - a beginner will not have past experiences to draw on so may demotivate them and confuse them - learning is slower if the performer doesn't understand the requirements of the skill

is cognitive theory of learning effective for open or closed skills?

open

is cognitive theory of learning effective for complex skills?

no - because they can be dangerous

is cognitive theory of learning effective for high organisation or low organisation skills?

high organisation because it is learned as a whole and cannot be divided into subroutines