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OCR A-level PE > PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Cardiovascular & Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Define PULMONARY CIRCUIT

A

CIRCULATION of blood through PULMONARY ARTERY to the LUNGS and PULMONARY VEIN back to the HEART

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2
Q

Define SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT

A

CIRCULATION of blood through the AORTA to the BODY and VENA CAVA back to the HEART

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3
Q

Define MYOGENIC

A

the capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse, which causes the cardiac muscle to contract

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4
Q

Define DIASTOLE

A

the RELAXATION phase of cardiac muscle where the chambers fill with blood

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5
Q

Define SYSTOLE

A

the CONTRACTION phase of cardiac muscle where the blood is forcibly ejected into the aorta and pulmonary artery

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6
Q

Define AORTA

A

the aorta is the largest artery in the body. The heart pumps blood from the left ventricle into the aorta through the aortic valve.

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7
Q

Define VENA CAVAE

A

venae cavae are the two largest veins in the body. These blood vessels carry oxygen-depleted blood from various regions of the body to the right atrium of the heart

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8
Q

Define HEART RATE

A

the number of times the heart beats per minute

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9
Q

Define STROKE VOLUME

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per beat

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10
Q

Define CARDIAC OUTPUT

A

the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.

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11
Q

What is the pathway of blood ? (VAVA ect)

A 
vena cava
right atrium
(tricuspid valve)
right ventricle
pulmonary artery 
(lungs)
pulmonary vein
(bicuspid valve)
left atrium
left ventricle 
aorta 
(body)
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12
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output ?

A

HR x SV = Q

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13
Q

What is the CARDIAC CYCLE ?

A

Atrial Diastole
Ventricular Diastole
Atrial Systole
Ventricular Systole

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14
Q

What is the CONDUCTION SYSTEM ?

A

SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of HIS
Purkinje Fibres

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15
Q

How to the CARDIAC CYCLE and the CONDUCTION SYSTEM work together ?

A 
Atrial Diastole
Ventricular Diastole 
SA Node
AV Node 
Atrial Systole
Bundle of HIS
Purkinje Fibres
Ventricular Systole
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16
Q

Define REGULATION

A

a rule or directive made and maintained by an authority

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17
Q

Define AUTONOMIC

A

involuntary or unconscious

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18
Q

Define SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for increasing HR

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19
Q

Define PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for decreasing HR

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20
Q

Define MEDULLA OBLONGATA

A

a portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions

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21
Q

Define CCC

A

Cardiac Contol Centre

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22
Q

Define HORMONAL

A

containing a hormone or hormones

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23
Q

Define VENOUS RETURN

A

the return of the blood to the right atria through the veins

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24
Q

Define ADRENALINE

A

a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that increases rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism and prepares muscles for exertion

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25
Define FIRING RATE
the amount of neurons firing at a giving time
26
What are the 3 components of NEURAL FACTORS ?
chemoreceptors - increase in CO2 proprioreceptors - muscle and tendon movement baroreceptors - blood pressure
27
What is the one component of HORMONAL FACTORS ?
adrenaline - increases HR
28
What are the components of INTRINSIC FACTORS ?
temperature | venous return
29
What are the 5 components in VENOUS RETURN ?
- pocket valve - smooth muscle - gravity - skeletal muscle pump - respiratory pump
30
What is RCC ?
Respiratory Control Centre
31
What are the 2 centres in the RCC ?
- expiratory centre | - inpiratory centre
32
What nerve is linked with the EXPIRATORY CENTRE and where does it go to ?
INTERCOSTAL NERVE - external intercostal muscles
33
What nerve is linked with the INSPIRATORY CENTRE and where does it go to ?
PHRENIC NERVE - diaphragm
34
What 3 components are in the VASCUALR SHUNT ?
- vasoconstriction - vasodialation - pre-capillary sphinter
35
What is VASOCONSTRICTION ?
when the lumen gets smaller - limiting blood flow
36
What is VASODIALATION ?
when the lumen gets bigger - increasing blood flow
37
What do PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINTERS do ?
open and close to allow blood to flow through capillaries
38
How does temperature link to venous return ?
temp increases - viscosity decrease - venous return increase - (SV) stroke volume increase = (Q) cardian output increase.
39
INSPIRATION REST active or passive ?
active
40
EXPIRATION REST active or passive ?
passive
41
INSPIRATION EXERCISE active or passive ?
active
42
EXPIRATION EXERCISE active or passive ?
active
43
What muscles are involved with IR ?
diaphragm | external intercostal
44
What muscles are involved with ER ?
none
45
What muscles are involved in IE ?
diaphragm external intercostal sternocleidomastoid pectoralis minor
46
What muscles are involved in EE ?
internal intercostal | rectus abdominalis
47
IR : DIAPHRAGM
contracts and flattens
48
IR : RIBS
up and out
49
ER : DIAPHRAGM
relaxes
50
ER : RIBS
down and in
51
IE : RIBS
further up and out
52
EE : RIBS
forced down and in
53
IR : RESULT
decrease in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY air is brought into the lungs
54
ER : RESULT
increase in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY air is pushed out
55
IE : RESULT
decrease in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY MORE air is brought in
56
EE : RESULT
increase in pressure in THORATIC CAVITY air is FORCED OUT
57
What is PARTIAL PRESSURE ?
concentration of gas in a space
58
What is DIFFUSION GRADIENT ?
gas moves from high pp to low pp
59
What is DIFFUSION ?
movement of particles across a partially permeable membrane (1 cell thick) down a diffusion gradient
60
What are the 2 "features" in the EXTERNAL SITE ?
alveoli and capillary
61
What are the 2 "features" in the INTERNAL SITE ?
muscle fibre and capillary
62
How many oxygen can haemoblobin hold ?
4
63
What is the product of oxygen and haemoglobin ?
oxyhaemoglobin
64
Where is there a high PP of O2 at the external site ?
in the alveoli / lungs
65
Where is there a high PP of CO2 at the external site ?
in the capillary
66
Where is there a low PP of O2 at the external site ?
in the capillary
67
Where is there a low PP of CO2 at the external site ?
in the alveoli / lungs
68
What is a partially permeable membrane ?
a membrane that is one cell thick
69
After the external site, where does the blood go ?
LA / LV / AORTA / MUSCLE
70
How many oxygen disassociate from the haemoglobin at the internal site ?
2
71
How many CO2 diffuse out of the muscle fibre ?
an equal amount - PP should always be equal
72
Where is there a high PP of 02 at the internal site ?
in the capillary
73
Where is there a high PP of CO2 at the internal site ?
in the muscle fibre
74
Where is there a low PP of O2 at the internal site ?
in the muscle fibre
75
Where is there a low PP of CO2 at the internal site ?
in the capillary
76
Does the capillary only contain O2 ?
no it carries some CO2
77
HEART RATE : REST : UNTRAINED
60 - 80
78
HEART RATE : REST : TRAINED
>60
79
HEART RATE : SM : UNTRAINED
100 - 130
80
HEART RATE : SM : TRAINED
95 - 120
81
HEART RATE : MAX : UNTRAINED
220 - age
82
HEART RATE : MAX : TRAINED
220 - age
83
STROKE VOLUME : REST : UNTRIANED
70 ml
84
STROKE VOLUME : REST : TRAINED
70 - 100 ml
85
STROKE VOLUME : SM : UNTRAINED
100 - 120 ml
86
STROKE VOLUME : SM : TRAINED
160 - 200 ml
87
STROKE VOLUME : MAX : UNTRAINED
100 - 120 ml
88
STROKE VOLUME : MAX : TRAINED
160 - 200 ml
89
CARDIAC OUTPUT : REST : UNTRAINED
4 - 8 l/min
90
CARDIAC OUTPUT : REST : TRAINED
4 - 8 l/min
91
CARDIAC OUTPUT : SM : UNTRAINED
10 - 15 l/min
92
CARDIAC OUTPUT : SM : TRAINED
15 - 20 l/min
93
CARDIAC OUTPUT : MAX : UNTRAINED
20 - 30 l/min
94
CARDIAC OUTPUT : MAX : TRAINED
30 - 40 l/min
95
BREATHING FREQUENCY : REST : UNTRAINED
12 - 15 breaths per min
96
BREATHING FREQUENCY : REST : TRAINED
11 - 12 breaths per min
97
BREATHING FRQUENCY : MAX : UNTRAINED
40 - 50 breaths per min
98
BREATHING FREQUENCY : MAX : TRAINED
50 - 60 breaths per min
99
TIDAL VOLUME : REST : UNTRAINED
0.5 l
100
TIDAL VOLUME : REST : TRAINED
0.5 l
101
TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : UNTRAINED
2.5 - 3 l
102
TIDAL VOLUME : MAX : TRAINED
3 - 3.5 l
103
MINUTE VENTILATION : REST : UNTRAINED
6 - 7.5 l/min
104
MINUTE VENTILATION : REST : TRAINED
5.5 - 6 l/min
105
MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : UNTRAINED
100 - 150 l/min
106
MINUTE VENTILATION : MAX : TRAINED
160 - 210 l/min

OCR A-level PE (26 decks)

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