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OCR A-level PE > PAPER 1 - Injury Prevention > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - Injury Prevention Flashcards

1
Q

What are ACUTE INJURIES ?

A

sudden injury associated with a traumatic event

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2
Q

ACUTE INJURIES : CAUSES

A
  • collision
  • fall
  • excessive impact
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3
Q

ACUTE INJURIES : EXAMPLE

A
  • football - fracture metatarsal - kicking ball

- netball - sprain ankle - bad landing

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4
Q

ACUTE INJURIES : SYMPTOMS (5)

A
  • pain
  • swelling
  • bruising
  • lack of movement
  • disfiguration
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5
Q

What are CHRONIC INJURIES ?

A

slowly developed injury associated with overuse

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6
Q

CHRONIC INJURIES : CAUSES

A
  • sudden increase in intensity / frequency / duration
  • reduction in recovery
  • warm up / cool-down
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7
Q

What are HARD TISSUE INJURIES ?

A

damage to the bone, joint or cartilage including fractures and dislocations

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8
Q

What are SOFT TISSUE INJURIES ?

A

damage to the skin, muscle, tendon or ligament, including tears, strains and sprains

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9
Q

What are the two types of HARD TISSUE INJURIES (acute injuries) ?

A
  • fractures

- dislocations

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10
Q

What is a FRACTURE ?

A

PARTIAL or COMPLETE break in the bone due to an EXCESSIVE FORCE that overcomes the bone’s POTENTIAL TO FLEX

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11
Q

What are the 9 types of FRACTURES ?

A
  • compound (open)
  • simple (closed)
  • incomplete
  • complete
  • greenstick
  • transverse / oblique / spiral
  • comminuted
  • impacted
  • avulsion
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12
Q

COMPOUND FRACTURE ?

A

fractured bone breaks through the skin, creating an OPEN WOUND with high risk of infection

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13
Q

SIMPLE FRACTURE ?

A

skin remains unbroken as the fracture causes LITTLE MOVEMENT of the bone and therefore minimises the damage to the SOFT TISSUE surrounding it

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14
Q

INCOMPLETE FRACTURE ?

A

PARTIAL CRACK in the bone that doesn’t completely separate the bone

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15
Q

COMPLETE FRACTURE ?

A

TOTAL BREAK in the bone which separates the bone into one or more FRAGMENTS

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16
Q

GREENSTICK FRACTURE ?

A

SPLITTING PARTIAL BREAK in the bone resulting from a BENDING ACTION

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17
Q

TRANSVERSE FRACTURE ?

A

PERPENDICULAR CRACK across the length of the bone

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18
Q

OBLIQUE FRACTURE ?

A

DIAGONAL CRACK across the length of the bone

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19
Q

SPIRAL FRACTURE ?

A

TWISTING DIAGONAL CRACK across the length of the bone

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20
Q

COMMINUTED FRACTURE ?

A

CRACK producing MULTIPLE FRAGMENTS of bone and a long recovery process

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21
Q

IMPACTED FRACTURE ?

A

BREAK caused by the ends of a bone being COMPRESSED together

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22
Q

AVULSION FRACTURE ?

A

bone fragment DETACHED at the site of connective tissue attachment

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23
Q

What is a DISLOCATION ?

A

the DISPLACEMENT of one bone from another out of their ORIGINAL POSITION

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24
Q

DISLOCATION : CAUSE

A

direct force = collision

indirect force = a fall

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25
Q

DISLOCATION : TYPICAL SITES (7)

A
  • shoulder
  • hip
  • knee
  • ankle
  • elbow
  • fingers
  • toes
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26
Q

DISLOCATION : SYMPTOMS (5)

A
  • severe pain
  • loss of movement
  • deformity
  • swelling
  • ‘pop’ feeling
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27
Q

What is a SUBLUXATION ?

A

incomplete / partial dislocation = overstretched ligament = permanently lengthened = decrease joint stability

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28
Q

What are the SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (acute injuries) ?

A
  • contusions (bruises) and haematoma
  • sprain
  • strain
  • abrasion
  • blisters
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29
Q

What are CONTUSIONS ?

A

ruptured blood vessels in skin or tissue

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30
Q

What is a RUPTURE ?

A

COMPLETE TEAR of a muscle, tendon or ligaments

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31
Q

What is a HAEMATOMA ?

A

localised CONGEALED bleeding from the ruptured blood vessels

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32
Q

What is a SPRAIN ?

A

OVERSTRETCH or tear in the LIGAMENTS

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33
Q

SPRAIN : CAUSES

A
  • impact / fall = beyond RoM
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34
Q

SPRAIN : TYPICAL SITES

A
  • ankle (games players)
  • knee (football)
  • thumbs
  • wrists
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35
Q

SPRAIN : SYMPTOMS (5)

A
  • pain
  • swelling
  • bruising
  • inability to bear weight
  • dislocation
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36
Q

What is a FIRST-DEGREE SPRAIN ?

A

overstretch of ligaments

37
Q

What is a SECOND-DEGREE SPRAIN ?

A

partial tear of ligaments

38
Q

What is a THIRD-DEGREE SPRAIN ?

A

total rupture of ligaments

39
Q

What is a STRAIN ?

A

OVERSTRETCH or tear in the MUSCLE or TENDON

40
Q

STRAIN : CAUSE

A

contracting muscle fibres too quickly

41
Q

STRAIN : EXAMPLE

A

badminton - lunging for drop shot

100m - running out blocks

42
Q

STRAIN : SYMPTOMS (4)

A
  • pain
  • swelling
  • discolouration
  • bruising
43
Q

What is a Grade 1 STRAIN ?

A

minor damage to fibres

44
Q

What is a Grade 2 STRAIN ?

A

extensive damage but no complete rupture

45
Q

What is a Grade 3 STRAIN ?

A

complete rupture = surgery

46
Q

What is an ABRASION ?

A

SUPERFICIAL DAMAGE to the SKIN caused by scraping it against a surface

47
Q

ABRASION : EXAMPLE

A
  • falling on athletics track / astro / netball pitch
48
Q

What is the technical term for cut ?

A

laceration

49
Q

What is the technical term for stitching ?

A

suturing

50
Q

What are BLISTERS ?

A

FRICTION forming SEPARATION of layers of SKIN where a pockets of FLUID forms

51
Q

What is CONCUSSION ?

A

a traumatic BRAIN INJURY resulting from a disturbance of BRAIN FUNCTION

52
Q

CONCUSSION : SYMPTOMS (5)

A
  • headache
  • dizziness
  • balance problems
  • nausea
  • unconscious (10% of cases)
53
Q

CONCUSSION : CAUSES

A
  • direct hit to the head

- impact in other areas that cause rapid movement of head

54
Q

How does CONCUSSION occur ?

A

impact = acceleration against rough inner wall = rebounds = swelling in biochemistry = confusion

55
Q

What is OSTEOARTHRITIS ?

A

DEGENERATION of ARTICULAR CARTILAGE from the bone surfaces within a joint, causing pain and restricted movement

56
Q

CHRONIC INJURIES : EXAMPLE

A

skier - knee - osteoarthritis

basketball - tibia - stress fracture

57
Q

What are the types of HARD TISSUE INJURIES (chronic injuries) ?

A

stress fractures

58
Q

What is a STRESS FRACTURE ?

A

TINY CRACK in the surface of a bone caused by overuse

59
Q

What sports are STRESS FRACTURES common in ?

A
  • distance running
  • tennis
  • gymnastics
  • basketball
60
Q

STRESS FRACTURES : TYPICAL SITES

A
  • lower body

- tibia

61
Q

STRESS FRACTURES : CAUSES

A
  • intensive overload
  • unfamiliar surface
    inappropriate equipment
62
Q

What are the types of SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (chronic injuries) ?

A
  • shin splints

- tendinosis

63
Q

What is SHIN SPLINTS ?

A

chronic SHIN PAIN due to the inflammation of muscles and stress on the TENDON ATTACHMENTS to the surface of the tibia

64
Q

What is the most common form of SHIN SPLINTS ?

A

medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS)

65
Q

What are BONE SPURS ?

A

OUTGROWTHS of BONE into a joint, causing pain and restricted movement

66
Q

What is TEDINOSIS ?

A

DETERIORATION of a TENDON in response to chronic overuse and repetitive strain

67
Q

What are the two types of TEDINOSIS ?

A
  • achilles tendinosis

- tennis elbow

68
Q

What is ACHILLES TENDINOSIS ?

A

pain and deterioration of the tendon in the HEEL due to overuse and repetitive strain

69
Q

What is TENNIS ELBOW ?

A

TENDON pain in the FOREARM due to chronic overuse and repetitive strain

70
Q

TENDINOSIS : SYMPTOMS (5)

A
  • burning
  • stinging
  • aching
  • tenderness
  • stiffness
71
Q

TENDINOSIS : TYPICAL SITES

A
  • wrist
  • forearm
  • elbow
  • shoulder
  • knee
  • heel
72
Q
  • What are the typical injuries of ATHLETES ?
A
  • muscle strain = legs = explosive movement

- ankle sprain = dynamic movement

73
Q
  • What are the typical injuries of CRICKET PLAYERS ?
A
  • back strains = repetitive movement

- knee sprain = dynamic movement

74
Q
  • What are the typical injuries of FOOTBALLERS ?
A
  • abrasions and boot-stud injuries = tackling

- knee sprain = dynamic movement

75
Q
  • What are the typical injuries of RACKET SPORTS ?
A
  • tennis elbow = repetitive movements

- muscle strain = repetitive movements

76
Q

What age category is most at risk of acute injuries ?

A

15-25 females

77
Q

What percentage of acute injuries require hospital attention ?

A

19%

78
Q

Which sports are most at risk of injury ?

A
  • high impact and dynamic

- football / rugby / athletics

79
Q

What are the two classification of RISK FACTORS ?

A
  • intrinsic risk factors

- extrinsic risk factors

80
Q

What are INTRINSIC RISK FACTORS ?

A

risks of force from WITHIN the body

81
Q

What are the 2 elements to INTRINSIC RISK FACTORS

A
  • individual variables

- training effects

82
Q

What are EXTRINSIC RISK FACTORS ?

A

risks of force from OUTSIDE the body

83
Q

What are the 3 elements to EXTRINSIC RISK FACTORS ?

A
  • poor technique
  • incorrect equipment
  • inappropriate intensity / duration / frequency
84
Q

What are the 4 types of of INDIVIDUAL VARIABLES ?

A
  • previous injury
  • posture and alignment
  • age
  • nutrition
85
Q

What are the 3 TRAINING EFFECTS ?

A
  • poor preparation = warm up, nutrition, sleep, hydration
  • inadequate fitness level = early fatigue leads to poor technique
  • inappropriate flexibility = limited RoM
86
Q

How can POOR TECHNIQUE lead to injuries ?

A
  • excessive stress on muscles

- limits strength, power and speed

87
Q

How can INCORRECT CLOTHING / EQUIPMENT lead to injuries ?

A
  • accelerates onset of injury

- child starting tennis shouldn’t use full size racket

88
Q

Give some examples of protective equipment

A
  • cricket = knee pads
  • boxing = gum shield, gloves
  • netball = ankle braces (stability)
89
Q

Give some examples of sport-specific clothing

A

second skin = (gymnasts) to increase RoM
contain padding = reduces external impact (American football)
aerodynamic = decrease friction (Cyclists)

OCR A-level PE (26 decks)

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