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A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY > Paper 2 Research Methods > Flashcards

Paper 2 Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

Co-variables?

A

comparisons of two variables to see for correlations

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2
Q

Types of hypothesis?

A

Experimental
Directional
Non-directional
Null

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3
Q

Null hypothesis?

A

A statement of no difference or relationship

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4
Q

Non directional hypothesis?

A

A statement where a difference/relationship is present however the direction is not stated

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5
Q

Directional hypothesis?

A

A statement that states the direction of the difference/relationship

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6
Q

When is a directional hypothesis used?

A

When previous research suggests a direction in the difference/relationship

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7
Q

Experimental hypothesis?

A

A statement where the relationship of the IV and DV is stated and the direction of the relationship

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8
Q

Independent groups?

A

One group of participants do condition A and the second group do condition B

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9
Q

Repeated measures?

A

All participants take part in all conditions of the experiment

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10
Q

Matched pairs?

A

Two groups of participants are matched based on characteristics relevant to the study

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11
Q

Types of experimental designs?

A

Matched pairs
Repeated measures
Independent groups

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12
Q

What are the strengths of independent groups?

A

Order effects do not interrupt performance
Demand characteristics are reduced

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13
Q

What are limitations of independent groups?

A

More Ps are needed
Confounding variables may be present

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14
Q

What are strengths of repeated measures?

A

Few Ps are needed
All Ps variables are controlled

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15
Q

What are limitations of repeated measures?

A

Order effects disrupt performance
Demand characteristics

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16
Q

What are strengths of matched pairs?

A

Ps variable can be controlled better

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17
Q

What are limitations of matched pairs?

A

Time consuming
Difficult to match accurately
Only known variables are matched

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18
Q

Counterbalancing?

A

When half of Ps do condition A then B whilst the other half does visa versa balancing out effect of the order

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19
Q

Order effects?

A

The change in performance due to the order of conditions

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20
Q

Extraneous variables?

A

Any variable other than the IV that can potentially affect the DV. They dont vary systematically with the IV.

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21
Q

How can we control demand characteristics?

A

Single blind design where Ps are unaware of condition they are in
Deception by lying or distracting questions

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22
Q

Investigator effects?

A

Cues from the investigator that encourages specific behaviours

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23
Q

Situational variables?

A

Features that influence Ps within situation/environment

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24
Q

Participant variables?

A

Individual differences between Ps that affect the DV

25
Q

What happens if you fail to control variables?

A

They can become confounding variables

26
Q

Preventions of investigator effects?

A

Double blind design - both investigator or Ps dont know aims/hypothesis
Inter rater reliability

27
Q

Preventions of situational variables?

A

Standardisation so keep everything the same
Procedure, instructions, counterbalancing

28
Q

Preventions of participants variables?

A

Consider your experimental design and use matched pairs or repeated measures
If using independent groups do random allocation

29
Q

Types of experiments?

A

Field
Quasi
Natural
Laboratory

30
Q

Labouratory experiments?

A

Variables are controlled
Special environment
Ps are aware of experiment

31
Q

Field experiments?

A

Researchers go to Ps usual environment so they r not aware
IV is manipulated in a natural setting

32
Q

Natural experiments?

A

Researcher has no control over the IV as it vaires due to something/someone (natural)
Measured in field or lab

33
Q

Quasi experiments?

A

IV can’t be manipulated as based on existing differences (age)
DV can be naturally occurring

34
Q

What are the strengths of laboratory experiments?

A

Control over variables
Establish cause and effect relationship
Ethics
Internal validity

35
Q

What are the strengths of field experiments?

A

High ecological validity
Reduced demand characteristics
Higher mundane realism

36
Q

What are the strengths of natural experiments?

A

High external validity
Research opportunities

37
Q

What are the strengths of quasi experiments?

A

Research opportunity
High external validity
Ethics

38
Q

What is the limitation of quasi and natural experiments?

A

Confounding variables due to lack of random allocation

39
Q

What are the limitations of field experiments?

A

Lack of control over variables
Low internal validity
Ethics

40
Q

What are the limitations of laboratory experiments?

A

Low ecological validity
Increased demand characteristics
Low mundane realism

41
Q

What is a hypothesis

A

Cleat and concise prediction about the possibly outcomes of the result

42
Q

3 types types of measurements of the DV

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval

43
Q

Nominal level?

A

Categorical data E.g participants choosing the responses yes or no

44
Q

Ordinal variable?

A

Used to rank data or put the data in some sort of numerical order E.g. 0-10 scale

45
Q

Interval variable?

A

Where data consists of equal intervals or equal measurements. This is much more objective and scientific E.g. swimmers in a race can be measured in mins and secs

46
Q

Operationalising variable

A

Where the experiment needs to define the variables and state exactly how accurately and precisely they intend to measure or manipulate it

47
Q

What are the issues with experiments

A

Demand characteristics
Researcher bias
Order effects/practice effects/fatigue effects

48
Q

How do you overcome issues with experiments

A

-single blind test
-double blind test
- standardised procedures
- counterbalancing
- randomisation

49
Q

What are participant variables

A

Variables the participants bring to the study that may affect the measurement of the DV

50
Q

Situational variables?

A

Variables that should be controlled in the set up of the experiment E.g. temperature, lighting, time of day

51
Q

Extraneous variables

A

Variables that may affect the measurement of the DV and therefore should be controlled by the experimenter

52
Q

What are demand characteristics

A

Participants are unsure how to behave and they try working out what is required of them

53
Q

What is researcher bias

A

When either consciously or subconsciously researchers may impose a bias on the collection of data to be favourable towards there hypothesis

54
Q

Randomisation?

A

Random allocation of participants to a group to reduce the chances of individual differences

55
Q

What are pilot studies

A

Small scale prototype of a study
They use smaller scale sample of the target population

56
Q

What is Reliability

A

A measure of consistency

57
Q

What is the test retest method

A

Where researchers ask the same participants to complete the same test at different times and expect to see the same results

58
Q

How can you improve the reliability of experiments

A

Pilot studies, standardised procedures and controlling extraneous variables

A LEVEL PSYCHOLOGY (7 decks)

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