Paper 2 Key Terms Flashcards
Behavioural approach?
Explaining behaviour that has been observed in terms of learning
Classical conditioning?
This involves associating a neutral and unconditioned stimulus to produce the same response as an unconditioned response (conditoned response)
Operant conditioning?
When positive or negative consequences shape the behaviour being learnt
Reinforcement?
A consequence that increases the chances of the behaviour being repeated
Introspection?
The first systematic experimental assessment to study the mind, which focused on breaking up conscious awareness into thoughts, sensations and images
Social learning theory?
This includes both indirect and direct reinforcement of behaviour, proposing the importance of cognitive factors on our behaviour
Imitation?
When someone copies the behaviour or others
Modelling?
When an observer associates with a role model and therefore imitates their behaviour. OR when a role model demonstrates a specific behaviour
Identification?
When an observer associates with the role model
Vicarious reinforcement?
Reinforcement that is not experienced but imtiated through observation
Mediational processes?
Cognitive factors that influence learning and come between stimulus and response
Structuralism?
A way to isolate the structure of consciousness
So stimuli presented were always in the same order and same instructions were given
Structuralism?
A way to isolate the structure of consciousness
So stimuli presented were always in the same order and same instructions were given
Demand characteristics?
Cues in the research that may indicate a participant to behave in the expected way
Reciprocal determinism?
When we are influenced by + extert influence on our environment so free will can be present
Cognitive approach?
Focusses on how mental processes affect behaviour
Internal mental processes?
Private operations that are between stimulus and response
Schema?
Mental framework of beliefs & expectations that influence cognitive processing
Inference?
Conclusions on the observed behaviour concluded by the way mental processes operate
Cognitive neuroscience?
The scientific study of those biological structures that underpin cognitive processes
Soft determinism?
The view that human behaviour may be determined by internal, external and free will factors
Machine reductionism?
When the influence of human emotion & motivation on the cognitive system is ignored
Neurochemistry?
The transmission of chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning
Genetic basis?
Some psychological characteristics are inherited
Genotype?
The genetic makeup of a human
Phenotype?
How genes are expressed physically, behaviourally, and in psychological characteristics
Evolution?
Charles darwin’s theory of natural selection
Biological determinism?
When data solely focuses on how biological factors influence behaviour & not environmental factors
ecological validity?
Ability to repeat in different settings
Mudane realism?
To what extent does it reflect the real world
External validity?
The ability to do it in the real world
Internal validity?
The extent to which the researcher is measuring what was intended
