Paper 1 Social influence Flashcards

Question

limitation to NSI?

Answer 1

Individual differences may led to more conformity in others such as those who are concerned about being liked by others.

Answer 2

who? 21 American males (emotionally stable) randomly allocated the role of guard or prisoner what? mock prison within basement of Stanford Uni prisoners strip-searched + given NO./uniform (de-individuation) could not leave but could have parole guards given uniform, handcuffs and enforced rules told to have complete power over over prisoners

Answer 3

to measure the effect of social roles on conformity

Answer 4

guards acted enthusiastically and harshly prisoners rebelled in first 2 days so guards retaliated with fire extinguishers and harassed them ( headcounts at night) study stopped at day 6/14 why? prisoners' psychological and physical health was threatened by guards behaviour

Answer 5

social roles are powerful influences on behaviour e.g. guards are brutal whilst prisoners are submissive

Answer 6

Control over key variables as emotionally stable Ps were recruited and random allocation was used. so increase in internal validity

Answer 7

lacked realism of a true prison as it was suggested they were play acting (reflected on stereotypes) e.g. prisoners rioted as that's what 'real prisoners' did ALTHOUGH 90% of conversations were about prison life, increasing internal validity sample was androcentric so no generalisation investigator effects recordings show guards may have been pressured to behave in an extreme manner so decrease in internal validity

Answer 8

type of social influence which causes a person to act in response to authority

Answer 9

who? 40 American males what? deception - study memory 2 confederates - 'experimenter' grey lab coat, 'the learner' Mr. Wallace, genuine P - 'the teacher' T gave L increasingly severe shocks 15-450v each time T made a mistake if T wished to stop E would give prods to continue

Answer 10

12.5% stopped at 300v 65% stopped at 450v extreme tension Ps debriefed & 84% were glad to participate (follow up questionnaire)

Answer 11

we obey legitimate authority even if harm is present some situational factors encourage obedience

Answer 12

Successfully replicated by French documentary, 80% gave 460 volts to 'unconscious man'

Answer 13

Lacked internal validity as Orne & Holland suggested Ps knew the shocks were fake and instead acted due to demand characteristics ALTHOUGH further research with females showed that it was genuine (Sheridan & king 1972) ethical issues - protection from harm, right to withdraw, deception low ecological validity as situation is unlikely to happen so no generalisation

Answer 14

proximity 40% location 47.5% uniform 20% touch proximity remote-instruction

Answer 15

What? T and L were in the same room results? obedience dropped from 65% to 40% why? decreased proximity allows ppl to psychologically distance themselves

Answer 16

what? study was now conducted in run down building instead of prestigious yale Uni results? obedience dropped to 47.5% why? obedience was higher in the Uni because the authority was legitimate

Answer 17

what? E called away by a phone call and role taken over by ordinary member of public in everyday clothes results? obedience fell to 20% why? uniform is a strong symbol of legitimate authority

Answer 18

research support from Bickmen 1974 had confederates dress differently and issue demands to ppl on street, showed ppl more likely to obey security guard > jacket/tie cross cultural replication on Dutch Ps 1986 displayed 90% obedience + decrease when proximity decreased

Answer 19

low internal validity ( orne and holland uniform variation) due to demand characteristics dangers of situational perspective could undermine + simplify causes of the holocaust which offends survivors

Answer 20

'agent' acting on behalf of someone else proposed for obedience to destructive authority so they feel no personal responsibility

Answer 21

free/independent so act on your own principles and feel responsible for your actions

Answer 22

moving to agentic state occurs when we perceive someone else as an authority figure (position in hierarchy)

Answer 23

reduce 'moral strain' felt by agent aspects of situation that minimise moral strain

Answer 24

shifting responsibility to victim denying damage

Answer 25

we obey ppl further up the social hierarchy authorities have legitimacy through social agreement legitimate powers can be used for destructive purposes (hitler) control/some independence is handed over to those we trust within authority soi t can b exercised

Answer 26

strength - research support from Milgram as when Ps asked E who is responsible for L, L went through procedure quickly as E was responsible limitation - agentic shift doesn't explain research findings as 1977 most nurses disobeyed doctor's order to give excessive drug

Answer 27

Strength - explains cultural differences e.g. 85% of German men obeyed in mantell study 971 compared to 16% of Australian women in 1974 showing different levels of legitimacy in authority real world application through soldiers at my lai limitation - can't explain all (dis)obedience so suggests innate tendencies towards obedience may be more important

Answer 28

how? originates in childhood with overly strict parenting (CONDITIONED LOVE). creates absolute loyalty and high criticism which creates resentment (rage, fear, inadequacy) which is displaced onto social inferiors (psychodynamic explanation) what? high obedience (pathological), unquestioning and especially obedient/respectful to authority (submissive), contempt for inferiors

Answer 29

who? 2000+ middle class white Americans what? F-scale was used to measure potential fascism how? f-scale had strongly agree (6) to strongly disagree (1)

Answer 30

to measure unconscious attitudes towards ethic groups

Answer 31

authoritarians scored high on f-scale as mostly identified with 'strong ppl' and had contempt for the weak also conscious of own status + respect for those higher

Answer 32

authoritarians had cognitive style where there was fixed/distinctive stereotypes about other groups

Answer 33

Evidence that authoritarians were obedient as 20 obedient Ps from Milgram scored high on F-scale ALTHOUGH Milgram's Ps were not punished at childhood

Answer 34

F-scale is politically biased as suggested its aims to measure extreme right ideology, so no explanation to left-wing authoritarianism authoritarianism cannot be the explanation for a whole country's behaviour as it is more likely Germens identified with the nazi state (social identity theory) flawed evidence as those who tend to AGREE to statements score as an authoritarian so may not be valid

Answer 35

social support locus of control

Answer 36

resisting conformity due to the presence of a dissenting peer this reduces pressure to conform

Answer 37

Asch research and variation of dissenter shows majority are not unanimous Milgram research and variation of disobedient peer shows challenging of the legitimacy of authority figure

Answer 38

place control outside themselves e.g. luck

Answer 39

place control within themselves e.g. hard work

Answer 40

internal LOC

Answer 41

research support by Holland 1967 as she measured if Ps were in/externals in repeated Milgram's study higher levels of internals resisted 37% than externals 23%

Answer 42

not all research supports LOC as twenge 2004 analysed American LOC data and found ppl have become more external though independent so may not be valid as internal LOC is linked to resistance limited role of LOC as it only influences new situations, in familar situations previous responses outway so unpredictatable

Answer 43

evidence in resisting conformity through programme with pregnant young girls given a buddy to resist pressure to smoke. when compared to control group the young girls with buddies were less likely to smoke at the end of the programme evidence in dissenting peer social support explanation

Answer 44

individual/small group impact/influence behaviour/ideas/opinions of majority

Answer 45

internalisation

Answer 46

consistency flexibility committment

Answer 47

always doing the same thing to gain interest

Answer 48

synchronic - all saying the same thing dichronic - all saying the same thing for a long time

Answer 49

showing deep involvement through activities creating risk

Answer 50

showing willingness to listen to others adapt oint of view + accept reasonable counterpoints

Answer 51

majority pay more attention

Answer 52

gradually majority convert / gather more snow so there is a switch from majority to minority exponetial rate social change eventually occurs

Answer 53

Research supporting consistency, moscovici research displays role of deeper processing as martin et al 2003 showed Ps were less willing to change opinion if listened to minority before majority (enduring effect) ALTHOUGH recent studies shows minority is expresed in more ways than just number (power, status) so limited generalisation

Answer 54

who? 172 female Ps groups of 6 with 2 confederates what? told were within a colour perception task show 36 slides (blue-green) and staed if they were B OR G confederates consistently stated G on 2/3% trials 2nd group exposed to inconsistent minority 3rd group had no confederates

Answer 55

1st group gave wrong answer 8.2% 2nd group 1.25% 3rd group 0.25%

Answer 56

artificial tasks so lack external validity and re limited in real-world application