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Pharmacology > pain and inflammation > Flashcards

pain and inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

physiological pain

A

beneficial in that in can allow the animal to avoid damaging stimuli

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2
Q

pathological pain

A

result from tissue damage or nerve damage

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3
Q

visceral pain

A

hollow abdominal organs, liver, heart, lungs

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4
Q

somatic pain

A

musculoskeletal pain

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5
Q

neuropathic pain

A

nervous system

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6
Q

signs of pain in our patients

A

elevated HR, RR, BP, vocalization, behavioral changes, postural changes, restlessness, unresponsive, unkempt appearance

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7
Q

inflammation

A

normal and useful process that consists of a series of events, including vascular changes and release of chemicals that destroy harmful substances

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8
Q

steroidal

A

anti-inflammatory drugs block the action of phospholipase

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9
Q

nonsteroidal

A

anti-inflammatory drugs block the action of cyclooxygenase

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10
Q

corticosteroids

A

hormones produced by adrenal cortex

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11
Q

glucocorticoids

A

inhibit phospholipase, increase blood glucose, affect carb, protein, and fat metabolism, regulated by neg feedback

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12
Q

glucocorticoids may be characterized as

A

short acting (< 12 hrs), intermediate acting (12-36 hrs), and long-acting (>36 hours)

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13
Q

short acting steroids contain…

A

“cortisone” (hydrocortisone, cortisone)

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14
Q

intermediate acting steroids contain…

A

“one” (prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone)

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15
Q

long acting steroids contain…

A

betamethasone, dexamethasone, flumethasone, paramethosone

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16
Q

clinical uses for steroids

A

allergies, skin disorders, IVDD, shock, laminitis, addisons, ocular condition, autoimmune disease, neaoplasia

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17
Q

benefits of steroids

A

reduce inflammation, reduce pruritus, reduce scarring and wound healing, reduce tissue damage

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18
Q

drawbacks of steroids

A

delay wound healing, increase risk of infection, GI ulceration, conreak ulcers, may induce abortion, immunosuppression, endocrine disorders

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19
Q

never use _____ with steroids

A

NSAIDS

20
Q

glucocorticoids should be _____

A

tapered

21
Q

cox-1

A

maintains physiological functions like platelet function, renal blood flow, promotes GI mucosa

22
Q

cox-2

A

promotion of PG from cells membrane

23
Q

side effects of NSAIDS

A

GI ulcers, bone marrow suppression, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity

24
Q

salicylates

A

potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis

25
Q

side effects of salicylates

A

GI problems

26
Q

clinical uses of salicylates

A

HW tx, blood thinner, analgesia

27
Q

example of salicylates

A

aspirin

28
Q

signs of aspirin toxicity

A

GI problems, resp. problem, neuro problems, bleeding problems, kidney failure

29
Q

phenylbutazone

A

analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory used in equine medicine (can only be given IV)

30
Q

flunixin meglumine (Banamine)

A

used for cattle and horses for musculoskeletal and colic, analgesic, antipyretic, anit-inflammatory

31
Q

examples of cox-2 inhibitors

A

dercoxib (deramaxx), reobenacoxib (onisor), meloxicam (metacam)

32
Q

propionic acid derivatives

A

block both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase

33
Q

examples of propionic acid derivatives

A

ibuprofen, ketoprofen, carprofen, naproxen (allieve)

34
Q

dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

A

clear liquid used topically or IV, inactivates superoxide radicals produced by inflammation, (snake bites)

35
Q

acetaminophen

A

non-narcotic analgesic, rarely used in vet med, reduces fever and pain, NEVER use in cats

36
Q

gapiprant (galliprant)

A

NSAID, non-cox, prostaglandin antagonist, reduce pain and inflammation

37
Q

polysulfated glycosaminoglycan

A

made from bovine cartilage, treats arthritis, horses and dogs

38
Q

hyaluronic acid

A

part of joint fluid, given intra-articularly, helps cushion joints

39
Q

glucosamine

A

joint supplement

40
Q

butorphanol

A

pre-anesthetic, opioid agonist antagonists, lasts 2 hours

41
Q

buprenorphine (buprenex, simbadol)

A

mild to moderate pain control in cats, dogs, horses, small animals, lasts 6-8 hours, opioid partial antagonist

42
Q

ketamine

A

dissociative anesthetic, NMDA receptor antagonist, prevents wind up pain, given in microdoses

43
Q

tramadol

A

mu-receptor opiate-like agonist, inhibits uptake of NE and serotonin, used for post operative pain, SE: v/d, anxiety, tremor, sedation (CIV)

44
Q

lidocaine can be used with

A

morphine and ketamine

45
Q

amantadine

A

wind up pain

46
Q

gabapentin

A

neuro pain, cancer pain

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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