pain and inflammation

Question 1

physiological pain

Answer 1

beneficial in that in can allow the animal to avoid damaging stimuli

Question 2

pathological pain

Answer 2

result from tissue damage or nerve damage

Question 3

visceral pain

Answer 3

hollow abdominal organs, liver, heart, lungs

Question 4

somatic pain

Answer 4

musculoskeletal pain

Question 5

neuropathic pain

Answer 5

nervous system

Question 6

signs of pain in our patients

Answer 6

elevated HR, RR, BP, vocalization, behavioral changes, postural changes, restlessness, unresponsive, unkempt appearance

Question 7

inflammation

Answer 7

normal and useful process that consists of a series of events, including vascular changes and release of chemicals that destroy harmful substances

Question 8

steroidal

Answer 8

anti-inflammatory drugs block the action of phospholipase

Question 9

nonsteroidal

Answer 9

anti-inflammatory drugs block the action of cyclooxygenase

Question 10

corticosteroids

Answer 10

hormones produced by adrenal cortex

Question 11

glucocorticoids

Answer 11

inhibit phospholipase, increase blood glucose, affect carb, protein, and fat metabolism, regulated by neg feedback

Question 12

glucocorticoids may be characterized as

Answer 12

short acting (< 12 hrs), intermediate acting (12-36 hrs), and long-acting (>36 hours)

Question 13

short acting steroids contain…

Answer 13

“cortisone” (hydrocortisone, cortisone)

Question 14

intermediate acting steroids contain…

Answer 14

“one” (prednisone, prednisolone, methylprednisolone, triamcinolone)

Question 15

long acting steroids contain…

Answer 15

betamethasone, dexamethasone, flumethasone, paramethosone

Question 16

clinical uses for steroids

Answer 16

allergies, skin disorders, IVDD, shock, laminitis, addisons, ocular condition, autoimmune disease, neaoplasia

Question 17

benefits of steroids

Answer 17

reduce inflammation, reduce pruritus, reduce scarring and wound healing, reduce tissue damage

Question 18

drawbacks of steroids

Answer 18

delay wound healing, increase risk of infection, GI ulceration, conreak ulcers, may induce abortion, immunosuppression, endocrine disorders

Question 19

never use _____ with steroids

Answer 19

NSAIDS

Question 20

glucocorticoids should be _____

Answer 20

tapered

Question 21

cox-1

Answer 21

maintains physiological functions like platelet function, renal blood flow, promotes GI mucosa

Question 22

cox-2

Answer 22

promotion of PG from cells membrane

Question 23

side effects of NSAIDS

Answer 23

GI ulcers, bone marrow suppression, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity

Question 24

salicylates

Answer 24

potent inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis

Question 25

side effects of salicylates

Answer 25

GI problems

Question 26

clinical uses of salicylates

Answer 26

HW tx, blood thinner, analgesia

Question 27

example of salicylates

Answer 27

aspirin

Question 28

signs of aspirin toxicity

Answer 28

GI problems, resp. problem, neuro problems, bleeding problems, kidney failure

Question 29

phenylbutazone

Answer 29

analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory used in equine medicine (can only be given IV)

Question 30

flunixin meglumine (Banamine)

Answer 30

used for cattle and horses for musculoskeletal and colic, analgesic, antipyretic, anit-inflammatory

Question 31

examples of cox-2 inhibitors

Answer 31

dercoxib (deramaxx), reobenacoxib (onisor), meloxicam (metacam)

Question 32

propionic acid derivatives

Answer 32

block both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase

Question 33

examples of propionic acid derivatives

Answer 33

ibuprofen, ketoprofen, carprofen, naproxen (allieve)

Question 34

dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)

Answer 34

clear liquid used topically or IV, inactivates superoxide radicals produced by inflammation, (snake bites)

Question 35

acetaminophen

Answer 35

non-narcotic analgesic, rarely used in vet med, reduces fever and pain, NEVER use in cats

Question 36

gapiprant (galliprant)

Answer 36

NSAID, non-cox, prostaglandin antagonist, reduce pain and inflammation

Question 37

polysulfated glycosaminoglycan

Answer 37

made from bovine cartilage, treats arthritis, horses and dogs

Question 38

hyaluronic acid

Answer 38

part of joint fluid, given intra-articularly, helps cushion joints

Question 39

glucosamine

Answer 39

joint supplement

Question 40

butorphanol

Answer 40

pre-anesthetic, opioid agonist antagonists, lasts 2 hours

Question 41

buprenorphine (buprenex, simbadol)

Answer 41

mild to moderate pain control in cats, dogs, horses, small animals, lasts 6-8 hours, opioid partial antagonist

Question 42

ketamine

Answer 42

dissociative anesthetic, NMDA receptor antagonist, prevents wind up pain, given in microdoses

Question 43

tramadol

Answer 43

mu-receptor opiate-like agonist, inhibits uptake of NE and serotonin, used for post operative pain, SE: v/d, anxiety, tremor, sedation (CIV)

Question 44

lidocaine can be used with

Answer 44

morphine and ketamine

Question 45

amantadine

Answer 45

wind up pain

Question 46

gabapentin

Answer 46

neuro pain, cancer pain