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nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

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3
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

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4
Q

neuron

A

fundamental unit of the nervous system

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5
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers

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6
Q

receptor

A

located at peripheral site

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7
Q

sensory neuron

A

carries impulse receptor

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8
Q

motor neuron

A

carries impulse to effector organ

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9
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary fibers innervate smooth muscle, heart muscle, salivary glands, and viscera

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9
Q

axon

A

first neuron leaves the CNS and travels to ganglion

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10
Q

second neuron

A

travels to target structure

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11
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight, increase HR, RR, and blood flow, decreased GI, pupillary dilation

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12
Q

parasympathetic

A

homeostatic, normal HR, RR, and BP, normal GI function, constricts pupils

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13
Q

cholinergic relates to…

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

autonomic NS drugs either…

A

act like neurotransmitters or interfere with release

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15
Q

cholinergic drugs

A

stimulate receptor sites mediated by ACh

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16
Q

clinical uses for cholinergic drugs

A

aid in Dx of myasthenia gravis, decreased IOP, stim GI tract, urinary retention, nausea

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17
Q

adverse reactions to cholinergic drug

A

bradycardia, lacrimation, diarrhea, vomiting, intestinal rupture, increased bronchial secretions

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18
Q

example of cholinergic drugs

A

bethanechol, pilocarpine, metoclopramide,

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19
Q

anticholinergic drugs

A

inhibits actions of ACh by occupying receptors

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20
Q

clinical uses of anticholinergic drugs

A

prevent bradycardia before anesthesia or sinus bradycardia, dilate pupils, organophosphate toxicity

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21
Q

examples of anticholinergic drugs

A

atropine, glycopyrrolate

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22
Q

adrenergic drugs

A

receptor sites mediated by epinephrine or norepinephrine, mimic fight or flight,

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23
Q

alpha-1

A

target: urethra, arterioles, eye
response: increased tone, constriction, dilation

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24
alpha-2
target: skeletal response: constriction
25
beta-1
"beats" target: heart response: increased rate, conduction, contractility
26
beta-2
"bronchioles" target: kidneys, vessels, bronchioles response: renin release, dilation, dilation
27
dopaminergic
target: kidneys, heart, mesenteric blood vessels response: dilation
28
clinical uses for adrenergic
stimulate HR in cardiac arrest, reverse bronchoconstriction, correct hypotension, treat urinary incontinence
29
side effects of adrenergic drugs
tachycardia, hypertension, cardiac arrythmias
30
example of adrenergic drugs
epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, phenylpropanolamine, albuterol
31
adrenergic blocking agents
block effects of adrenergic neurotransmitters
32
alpha blockers
alpha 1: vasodilation, urethral alpha 2: reversal agents
33
example of alpha 1
prazosin
34
example of alpha 2
yohimbine, atipamezole
35
beta blockers
treat glaucoma, arrhythmias, HCM
36
example of beta blockers
propanOLOL, atenOLOL, timOLOL
37
tranquilizers and sedatives
phenothiaZINES, benzodiaZINES
38
phenothiazines (ace)
sedation, relieves fear, relieves anxiety, NOT an analgesic
39
side effects of phenothiazines
hypotension, lower seizure, protrusion of nictitating membrane, paraphimosis
40
benzodiazepines
anti-anxiety, muscle relaxation, reduce anxiousness, anticonvulsants, stim appetite
41
examples of benzodiazepines
diazepAM, midazolAM, alprazolAM
42
alpha-2 agonists
some analgesia, some muscle relaxation, decreased response to stimuli
43
side effects of alpha-2 agonists
bradycardia, heart block
44
alpha-2 antagonist
reverse effects of agonists, wide margin of safety, bind with receptor sites to block agonist
45
narcotics
opiate or opioid-like, produce analgesia, sedation, anxiety relief, do not produce anesthesia
46
side effects of narcotics
respiratory depression, excitement if given rapidly
47
opioid agonists used in practice
morphine, hydromorphone, fent
48
opioid partial agonists used in practice
buprenorphine
49
opioid agonist-antagonist used in practice
butorphanol
50
opioid antagonists used in practice
naloxone
51
opioid antagonists
block the binding of opioids to their receptor, used to treat resp. depression and CNS depression
52
naloxone
for narcotic overdose (narcan)
53
neuroleptanalgesics
profound state of sedation and analgesia induced by simultaneous administration of an opioid and tranquilizer
54
anticonvulsants
prevent seizures by suppressing the abnormal electrical impulses from the seizure to focus on other areas of the brain
55
side effects of anticonvulsants
ataxia, drowsiness, hepatotoxicity
56
examples of anitconvulsants
phenobarbital, diazepam, bromide, gaba, zonisamide
57
phenobarbital
given PO, maintenance of epilepsy, PU/PD, sedation, liver monitoring
58
potassium bromide
refractory seizures, loading dose
59
gabapentin
refractory seizures, sedation, ataxia, potential hepatotoxicity
60
zonisamide
refractory seizures, ataxia, sedation
61
anesthetics
interfere with nerve impulses, loss of sensation and maybe consciousness
62
general anesthesia
effects CNS
63
local anesthesia
loss of feeling in area of application, no loss of consciousness
64
examples of local anesthesia
lidocaine, proparacaine, tetracaine, bupivacaine
65
phenobarbital
epilepsy control
66
pentobarbital
euthanasia
67
dissociatives
belong in cyclohexylamine family, causes muscle rigidity, amnesia, mild analgesia, alters neurotransmitter activity
68
side effects of dissociatives
cardiac stimulation, resp. depression, exaggerated reflexes
69
examples of dissociatives
ketamine and tiletamine
70
ketamine
controlled substance, used alone for cats, used with other drugs to induce anesthesia
71
tiletamine
used with benzodiazepine, IM or IV to induce sedation, used alone or combo of drugs, controlled substance
72
guaifenesin
skeletal muscle relaxation used with combo of other drugs to produce anesthesia in horses
73
propofol
ultra-short acting anesthetic with rapid onset, only lasts 2-5 minutes
74
inhalant anesthetics
converted from liquid to aerosol for general anesthesia
75
CNS stimulants
reverse CNS depression, example: doxapram

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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