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Pharmacology > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

somatic and autonomic

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3
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems

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4
Q

neuron

A

fundamental unit of the nervous system

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5
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers

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6
Q

receptor

A

located at peripheral site

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7
Q

sensory neuron

A

carries impulse receptor

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8
Q

motor neuron

A

carries impulse to effector organ

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9
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

involuntary fibers innervate smooth muscle, heart muscle, salivary glands, and viscera

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9
Q

axon

A

first neuron leaves the CNS and travels to ganglion

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10
Q

second neuron

A

travels to target structure

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11
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight, increase HR, RR, and blood flow, decreased GI, pupillary dilation

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12
Q

parasympathetic

A

homeostatic, normal HR, RR, and BP, normal GI function, constricts pupils

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13
Q

cholinergic relates to…

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

autonomic NS drugs either…

A

act like neurotransmitters or interfere with release

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15
Q

cholinergic drugs

A

stimulate receptor sites mediated by ACh

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16
Q

clinical uses for cholinergic drugs

A

aid in Dx of myasthenia gravis, decreased IOP, stim GI tract, urinary retention, nausea

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17
Q

adverse reactions to cholinergic drug

A

bradycardia, lacrimation, diarrhea, vomiting, intestinal rupture, increased bronchial secretions

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18
Q

example of cholinergic drugs

A

bethanechol, pilocarpine, metoclopramide,

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19
Q

anticholinergic drugs

A

inhibits actions of ACh by occupying receptors

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20
Q

clinical uses of anticholinergic drugs

A

prevent bradycardia before anesthesia or sinus bradycardia, dilate pupils, organophosphate toxicity

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21
Q

examples of anticholinergic drugs

A

atropine, glycopyrrolate

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22
Q

adrenergic drugs

A

receptor sites mediated by epinephrine or norepinephrine, mimic fight or flight,

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23
Q

alpha-1

A

target: urethra, arterioles, eye
response: increased tone, constriction, dilation

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24
Q

alpha-2

A

target: skeletal
response: constriction

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25
Q

beta-1

A

“beats”
target: heart
response: increased rate, conduction, contractility

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26
Q

beta-2

A

“bronchioles”
target: kidneys, vessels, bronchioles
response: renin release, dilation, dilation

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27
Q

dopaminergic

A

target: kidneys, heart, mesenteric blood vessels
response: dilation

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28
Q

clinical uses for adrenergic

A

stimulate HR in cardiac arrest, reverse bronchoconstriction, correct hypotension, treat urinary incontinence

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29
Q

side effects of adrenergic drugs

A

tachycardia, hypertension, cardiac arrythmias

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30
Q

example of adrenergic drugs

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, phenylpropanolamine, albuterol

31
Q

adrenergic blocking agents

A

block effects of adrenergic neurotransmitters

32
Q

alpha blockers

A

alpha 1: vasodilation, urethral
alpha 2: reversal agents

33
Q

example of alpha 1

A

prazosin

34
Q

example of alpha 2

A

yohimbine, atipamezole

35
Q

beta blockers

A

treat glaucoma, arrhythmias, HCM

36
Q

example of beta blockers

A

propanOLOL, atenOLOL, timOLOL

37
Q

tranquilizers and sedatives

A

phenothiaZINES, benzodiaZINES

38
Q

phenothiazines (ace)

A

sedation, relieves fear, relieves anxiety, NOT an analgesic

39
Q

side effects of phenothiazines

A

hypotension, lower seizure, protrusion of nictitating membrane, paraphimosis

40
Q

benzodiazepines

A

anti-anxiety, muscle relaxation, reduce anxiousness, anticonvulsants, stim appetite

41
Q

examples of benzodiazepines

A

diazepAM, midazolAM, alprazolAM

42
Q

alpha-2 agonists

A

some analgesia, some muscle relaxation, decreased response to stimuli

43
Q

side effects of alpha-2 agonists

A

bradycardia, heart block

44
Q

alpha-2 antagonist

A

reverse effects of agonists, wide margin of safety, bind with receptor sites to block agonist

45
Q

narcotics

A

opiate or opioid-like, produce analgesia, sedation, anxiety relief, do not produce anesthesia

46
Q

side effects of narcotics

A

respiratory depression, excitement if given rapidly

47
Q

opioid agonists used in practice

A

morphine, hydromorphone, fent

48
Q

opioid partial agonists used in practice

A

buprenorphine

49
Q

opioid agonist-antagonist used in practice

A

butorphanol

50
Q

opioid antagonists used in practice

A

naloxone

51
Q

opioid antagonists

A

block the binding of opioids to their receptor, used to treat resp. depression and CNS depression

52
Q

naloxone

A

for narcotic overdose (narcan)

53
Q

neuroleptanalgesics

A

profound state of sedation and analgesia induced by simultaneous administration of an opioid and tranquilizer

54
Q

anticonvulsants

A

prevent seizures by suppressing the abnormal electrical impulses from the seizure to focus on other areas of the brain

55
Q

side effects of anticonvulsants

A

ataxia, drowsiness, hepatotoxicity

56
Q

examples of anitconvulsants

A

phenobarbital, diazepam, bromide, gaba, zonisamide

57
Q

phenobarbital

A

given PO, maintenance of epilepsy, PU/PD, sedation, liver monitoring

58
Q

potassium bromide

A

refractory seizures, loading dose

59
Q

gabapentin

A

refractory seizures, sedation, ataxia, potential hepatotoxicity

60
Q

zonisamide

A

refractory seizures, ataxia, sedation

61
Q

anesthetics

A

interfere with nerve impulses, loss of sensation and maybe consciousness

62
Q

general anesthesia

A

effects CNS

63
Q

local anesthesia

A

loss of feeling in area of application, no loss of consciousness

64
Q

examples of local anesthesia

A

lidocaine, proparacaine, tetracaine, bupivacaine

65
Q

phenobarbital

A

epilepsy control

66
Q

pentobarbital

A

euthanasia

67
Q

dissociatives

A

belong in cyclohexylamine family, causes muscle rigidity, amnesia, mild analgesia, alters neurotransmitter activity

68
Q

side effects of dissociatives

A

cardiac stimulation, resp. depression, exaggerated reflexes

69
Q

examples of dissociatives

A

ketamine and tiletamine

70
Q

ketamine

A

controlled substance, used alone for cats, used with other drugs to induce anesthesia

71
Q

tiletamine

A

used with benzodiazepine, IM or IV to induce sedation, used alone or combo of drugs, controlled substance

72
Q

guaifenesin

A

skeletal muscle relaxation used with combo of other drugs to produce anesthesia in horses

73
Q

propofol

A

ultra-short acting anesthetic with rapid onset, only lasts 2-5 minutes

74
Q

inhalant anesthetics

A

converted from liquid to aerosol for general anesthesia

75
Q

CNS stimulants

A

reverse CNS depression, example: doxapram

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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