antimicrobials Flashcards

1
Q

antimicrobials

A

kills and inhibits growth of microbes

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2
Q

types of antimicrobials

A

anti
-biotics
-fungals
-virals
-protozoal
-parasites

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3
Q

antibiotics

A

only work on bacteria, narrow spectrum or broad spectrum

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4
Q

bactericidal

A

kills bacteria

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5
Q

bacteriostatic

A

inhibits growth of bacteria

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6
Q

how do antibiotics work

A

inhibition of cell wall synthesis, damage to cell membrane, inhibition of protein synthesis,. interfere with metabolism, impairment of nucleic acid

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7
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

bacteria continue to survive and continue to multiply after antibiotic administration

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8
Q

antibiotic residue

A

presence of chemical or metabolites in animal tissue or animal products

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9
Q

withdrawal times

A

aimed at eliminating antibiotic residues in food and animal products

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10
Q

penicillins

A

have beta-lactam structure that interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis

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11
Q

how to identify penicillins

A

“cillin”

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12
Q

penicillin G

A

narrow spectrum, gram positive, given parenterally

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13
Q

penicillin V

A

narrow spectrum, gram positive, given orally

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14
Q

broader spectrum penicillins

A

semi-synthetic, amoxicillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin, methicillin

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15
Q

beta-lactamase

A

enzyme produced by some bacteria that destroys penicillin

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16
Q

beta-lactamase resistant penicillin

A

resist the beta-lactamase

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17
Q

potentiated penicillin

A

chemically combined with another drug to enhance the effect of both (amoxicillin, clavulanic acid)

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18
Q

cephalosporins

A

effect cell wall, semi-synthetic, broad spectrum antibiotic, identified with cef or ceph

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19
Q

side effects of cephalosporins

A

skin infections, soft tissue infections, bovine mastitis, shipping fever

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20
Q

aminoglycosides

A

interfere with production of protein in bacterial cells, broad spectrum, gram-neg bacteria, given parentally, “micin” “mycin”

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21
Q

side effects of aminoglycosides

A

nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity

22
Q

examples of aminoglycosides

A

gentamicin, neomycin, amikacin

23
Q

tetracyclines

A

interfere with production of protein in bacterial cells, respiratory infections and rickettsial agents, bind to calcium deposited into growing bones or teeth, “cylcine”

24
Q

side effects of tetracycline

A

teeth staining in young animals

25
Q

examples of tetracycline

A

tetracycline, doxycycline, monocycline

26
Q

macrolides

A

used to treat penicillin resistant infections or if animal is allergic, erythromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin

27
Q

lincosamides

A

interfere with production of protein in bacterial cells, narrow, gram-positive

28
Q

side effects of lincosamides

A

GI problems

29
Q

examples of lincosamides

A

clindamycin, pirlimycin, lincomycin

30
Q

sulfonamides

A

antimetabolites, inhibit synthesis of folic acid, some stay in GI tract some are absorbed into tissues

31
Q

side effects of sulfonamides

A

crystalluria, KCS, and skin rashes

32
Q

clinical uses for sulfonamides

A

UTI, URI, coccidosis

33
Q

fluoroquinolones

A

nucleic acid agents, increases drugs potency, spectrum of activity, and absorption, broad spectrum, identified by floxacin

34
Q

side effects of fluoroquinolones

A

bubble like cartilage lesions in growing dogs, crystalluria

35
Q

nitrofurans

A

broad spectrum, treat wounds and UTI, identified as “fura”

36
Q

nitroimidazole

A

antibacterial and antiprotozoal, metronidazole drug of choice for dog diarrhea

37
Q

florfenicol

A

interferes with production of protein, synthetic broad spectrum, florfenicol is the only drug in this category

38
Q

what is florfenicol used for

A

bovine resp. disease

39
Q

side effects of florfenicol

A

local tissue reaction, decreased water consumption, diarrhea

40
Q

rifampin

A

disrupts RNA synthesis, used in conjunction with other AB

41
Q

chloramphenicol

A

broad spectrum, interferes with production of protein, penetrates tissues and fluids, SE bone marrow depression

42
Q

bacitracin

A

against gram-pos bacteria, used topically and food additive

43
Q

vancomycin

A

against gram pos bacteria, used for resistant infections

44
Q

polymyxin B

A

attacks cell membrane of bacteria, narrow spectrum gram pos antibiotic, used as ointment or wet dressing

45
Q

superficial fungi

A

ringworm

46
Q

systemic fungi

A

blastomycosis

47
Q

polyene antifungal

A

bind to fungal cell membrane

48
Q

examples of polyene

A

nystatin, amphotericin B (can be extremely nephrotoxic)

49
Q

imidazole antifungal

A

causes leakage of fungal cell membrane, identified with “conazole”

50
Q

antimetabolic antifungal

A

interferes with metabolism of RNA (flucytosine)

51
Q

superficial antifungals

A

disrupts fungal cell division, (griseofulvin) for dermatophyte and lyme sulfur

52
Q

lufenuron

A

treat ringworm in cats