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Pharmacology > GI drugs > Flashcards

GI drugs Flashcards

1
Q

underlying causes of GI symptoms

A

infectious sources, dietary excess, adverse drug reaction, systemic diseases

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2
Q

symptoms can be

A

diarrhea, constipation, vomiting, bloat, ulcer development, or pain

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3
Q

structures of GI tract

A

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, sm. large intestines, liver, gall, pancreas

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4
Q

what regulates the GI tract

A

autonomic NS, GI hormones, special substances (histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin)

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5
Q

what does parasympathetic stimulation do

A

increases motility, increases GI secretions, and relaxes sphincters

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6
Q

cholinergic drugs ____ these actions and anticholinergic ____ these actions

A

stimulate, inhibit

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7
Q

sympathetic stimulation does what

A

decreases intestinal motility, decreases GI secretions, inhibits function of sphincter

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8
Q

hormones that control GI

A

gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

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9
Q

histamine in the GI

A

attaches to H2 receptors causing release of HCl

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10
Q

serotonin and prostaglandin are

A

not fully understanding

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11
Q

vomiting

A

initiated by emetic center in the brain

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12
Q

chemoreceptor trigger zone (CRTZ)

A

pathways trigger CRTZ, pharynx, GI tract, urinary system, and heart can activate this center

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13
Q

what impulses vomiting

A

peripheral receptors (irritation), cerebral cortex (pain, excitement fear), CRTZ (inner ear, drugs, metabolic conditions)

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14
Q

emetics

A

induce vomiting, for poisoning or drug OD, know contraindications

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15
Q

if vomiting is contraindicated you can use…

A

activated charcoal

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16
Q

centrally acting emetics for dogs and cats

A

apomorphine for dogs and xylazine for cats

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17
Q

peripherally acting emetics

A

ipecac syrup, home remedies like hydrogen peroxide for dogs (1ml/lb)

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18
Q

antiemetics

A

control vomiting, alleviate discomfort

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19
Q

examples of antiemetics

A

phenothiazine, antihistamines, anticholinergic, procainamide, serotonin receptor agonist

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20
Q

phenothiazine derivatives

A

acts centrally, inhibit dopamine reactions in chemoreceptor trigger zone, decrease stim of vomiting

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21
Q

examples of phenothiazines

A

chlorpromazine, prochlorperazine, ace

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22
Q

side effects of phenothiazines

A

sedation and hypotension

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23
Q

antihistamines

A

block input from the vestibular system to CRTZ through H1 blockade

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24
Q

side effects of antihistamines

A

sedation

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25
Q

examples of antihistamines

A

dimenhydrinate, diphenhydramine, meclizine, promethazine (great for motion sickness/ inner ear abnormalities)

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26
Q

procainamide derivatives

A

works centrally and peripherally, speeds gastric emptying, strengthens cardiac sphincter, increase gastric contractions

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27
Q

when to not use procainamide

A

obstruction, perforation, hemorrhage

28
Q

procainamide example

A

metoclopramide

29
Q

serotonin receptor antagonists

A

works on 5-HT3 centrally and peripherally

30
Q

examples of serotonin receptor antagonist

A

ondansetron

31
Q

neurokinin receptor antagonist

A

work on NK1 receptors in center of brain, inhibit substance P which is neurotransmitter involved with vomiting

32
Q

example of neurokinin receptor agonist

A

maropitant citrate (cerenia)

33
Q

side effects of cerenia

A

pain at inj. site, anorexia, hypersalivation, diarrhea

34
Q

antiulcer drugs

A

prevent ulcers (NSAIDS or corticosteroids)

35
Q

gastric ulcers are caused by____

A

gastric acid

36
Q

histamine 2 receptor antagonist

A

prevent acid reflux by blocking H2 in stomach and reduces gastric acid secretion

37
Q

examples of H2 drugs

A

cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine

38
Q

proton pump inhibitor

A

bind to sodium-potassium enzyme pump, inhibits H ion transport into stomach to not secrete HCl

39
Q

examples of proton pump inhibitor

A

omeprazole, lansoprazole

40
Q

antacids

A

neutralize HCl, may inhibit absorption of other drugs

41
Q

examples of antacids

A

aluminum/magnesium hydroxide, milk of magnesia, calcium carbonate (tums)

42
Q

mucosal protection drugs

A

combine with protein form an adherent substance that covers the ulcer and protects it from stomach acid and pepsin

43
Q

example of mucosal protection

A

sucralfate

44
Q

prostaglandin analogs

A

suppress gastric secretion and increase mucus production

45
Q

example of prostaglandin analogs

A

misoprostol (given with NSAIDS)

46
Q

antidiarrheals

A

decrease peristalsis, allows fluid absorption

47
Q

opiate related drugs

A

control diarrhea decreasing both intestinal secretions and flow of feces

48
Q

examples of opiate related drugs

A

diphenoxylate, loperamide, pectin (propectalin)

49
Q

side effects of opiate related drugs

A

CNS depression, ileus, urine retention, bloat, constipation

50
Q

protectants/adsorbants

A

coat inflamed intestinal mucosa

51
Q

examples of protectants

A

bismuth, kaolin, pectin, charcoal, toxiban

52
Q

probiotics

A

seed GI with beneficial bacteria, must be refrigerated

53
Q

metronidazole

A

example of antibiotic used to treat diarrhea (giardia)

54
Q

laxatives

A

loosens the bowel contents and encourages evacuation of stool without straining, helps with blockages

55
Q

saline/hyperosmotic

A

pull water into colon and increase water content in the feces, salts may cause electrolyte imbalance

56
Q

stimulants/irritants

A

increase peristalsis by chemically irritating nerve endings in mucosa (dulcolax and caster oil)

57
Q

bulk forming

A

substance that absorb water in intestine increasing fecal bulk (pumpkin, bran)

58
Q

surfactants/stool softeners

A

reduce surface tension and allow water to penetrate GI contents (lubricants)

59
Q

mineral oil

A

soften fecal mass to make easier to move through GI tract in horses

60
Q

laxatone

A

lube for cats

61
Q

prokinetic agents

A

increase motility of parts of GI tract to enhance movement of material through it

62
Q

dopaminergic agents

A

stim gastroesophageal sphincter, stomach, and intestines (metoclopramide)

63
Q

serotonergic agents

A

stim motility of GI tract (cisapride)

64
Q

antibiotics

A

not routinely used, C&S may indicate, bloody diarrhea possible, metronidazole

65
Q

anti-inflammatory drugs

A

prednisone, azathioprine, sulfasalazine

66
Q

antifoaming

A

reduce/prevent foaming especially in ruminants (makes them burp)

67
Q

pancrelipase

A

contains lipase, amylase, and protease, pancreatic exocrine insufficiency, can be irritating to skin and nasal passages

Pharmacology (14 decks)

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