P/S Definitions FL1BP

Question 1

mediating variable

Answer 1

one that explains the assoc btwn two other vbles thru a causal relationship

Question 2

confounding vble

Answer 2

one not typically of interest to the reseracher but is extraneous related to both the dependent and independent variables

Question 3

continuous vble

Answer 3

can take on any number of values in a range like temperature

Question 4

moderating vble

Answer 4

modulates intensity of a certain relationship. ex- insured hispanic pts have rates of pain med disbursal similar to white pts whereas uninsured hispanic pts have muc lower rates of pain med disbursal.

Question 5

drive reduction theories

Answer 5

drive reduction theories suggest motivation comes from the desire to elimiate drives. drives create uncomfy internal states

Question 6

gender schemata

Answer 6

gender schema theory holds that key comps of gender identify are transmitted thru cultural and societal means

Question 7

operant conditioning

Answer 7

a form of assoc learning where the frequency of a behavior is modified using reinforcement or punishment

Question 8

social learning

Answer 8

Social learning theory suggests that social behavior is learned by observing and imitating the behavior of others ex bandura

Question 9

social constructionism

Answer 9

asserts ppl devlp understanding of world thru interacting with ohters and mediating force in interactions is language mainly. so under social cons, ideas abt gender are not inherent in the nature of reality but are social constructred and transmitted daily thru language.

Question 10

attrition bias

Answer 10

attrition bias occurs when ppl drop out of a long term study

Question 11

reconstructive bias

Answer 11

memory related- our memories arent as accurate as we think

Question 12

social desirability bias

Answer 12

ppl may tend to respond in a way they deem socially acceptable if they know what is being examined

Question 13

response bias

Answer 13

ppl may lie on self reports

Question 14

elaboration likelihood model

Answer 14

a theory where attitudes are formed and changed thru diff routes of info processing based on the degree of deep thought given to persuasive info. in this model u can process centrally or periphally. it explains how ppl can be persuaded

Question 15

deductive reasoning

Answer 15

a form of cognition that starts with general info and narrows down theat info to create a conclusion. top down

Question 16

inductive reasoning

Answer 16

bottom up. a form of cog that uses generalizations to devp a theory

Question 17

hidden curriculum

Answer 17

describes norms, values, and behaviors impared in an ed program even tho they arent officially part of curriculum. can be good or bad.

Question 18

educational segregation

Answer 18

imbalanced distributions of students in schools typically based on race ethnicity or socioecon status

Question 19

educational stratification

Answer 19

describes common situation where ppl w more resources have access to more educational opportunities

Question 20

medicalization

Answer 20

social processes that contribute to the idenfication and treatment of certain medical problems like society’s treatment of addiction as a medical problem rather than a moral failing

Question 21

construct validity

Answer 21

how well an experiment measures what is is intended to measure

Question 22

external validity

Answer 22

generaliability of research to settings beyond the study

Question 23

criterion validity

Answer 23

refers to whether a vble is able to predict a certain outcome

Question 24

randomization

Answer 24

sample of participants being selected so that everyone in the population had an equal chance of being selected

Question 25

availability heuristic

Answer 25

invovles reasoning abt probability of event based on how easily examples come to mind. ex- when specific events are over represented in media and influence our perception of their commonality

Question 26

representativeness heuristic

Answer 26

involves reasoning abt probability based on what is viewed as a protoyipcal example of a category. often corr to stereotypes and expected profiles of ppl in certain groups.

Question 27

confirmation bias

Answer 27

occurs when ppl pay more attn to info that supports views they already have

Question 28

causation bias

Answer 28

reflect a tendency to infer cause and effect relationship sthat dont exist

Question 29

symbolic interactionism

Answer 29

symbolic interactionism is the view that a persons experiences influence their perceptions.

Question 30

functional fixedness

Answer 30

refers to tendency to see objcs as serving only the purpose they were designed for.

Question 31

prejudice

Answer 31

attitude abt a person. not acted on

Question 32

discrimination

Answer 32

unfair treatment and harmful actions agains other pp. attitudes are acted on

Question 33

bystander effect

Answer 33

the observation that when in a group ppl are less likely to respond to the person in need

Question 34

normative influence

Answer 34

inf to conform w expectations of others to gain social approval

Question 35

informational influence

Answer 35

• infl to accept info from other ppl as evidence abt reality and can come into play when we are uncertain abt info or what may b right. ppl relied on info from vigilantes when making decision to conform w group and harass supposed subject

Question 36

compliance

Answer 36

superficial public change in resp to group pressure

Question 37

ingratiation

Answer 37

attempt to get someone to like you in order to get them to comply with your requests

Question 38

informal norms

Answer 38

Informal norms are the unwritten rules that govern social behavior. They are passed down from one generation to the next and are often based on cultural traditions. While they are not written into law, they are still important in shaping our social interactions.

Question 39

formal norms

Answer 39

Formal norms are established, written rules. They are behaviors worked out and agreed upon in order to suit and serve the most people. Laws are formal norms, but so are employee manuals, college entrance exam requirements, and “no running” signs at swimming pools.

Question 40

folkway

Answer 40

relatively unimportant norms governing social interactions like how one uses silverware. violations usally dont lead to like super serious consequences

Question 41

mores

Answer 41

the essential or characteristic customs and conventions of a community.

Question 42

mental set

Answer 42

framework used to try to solve a problem

Question 43

approach approach conflict

Answer 43

two options are appealing

Question 44

approach avoidance

Answer 44

one option has both positive and negative aspects

Question 45

avoidance avoidance

Answer 45

both options are unappealing

Question 46

double appraoch avoidance conflict

Answer 46

two options with both appealing and unapp. characteristics.

Question 47

webers law

Answer 47

perceptibel differences are proportional to initial perception.

Question 48

meritocracy

Answer 48

meritocracy is a system under which ppl are rewarded based on indiv skill talent or achievement. the testing system rewards students for success on the test which creates a meritocracy

Question 49

oligarchy

Answer 49

system where a small number of ppl hold most of the power.

Question 50

spatial discrimination

Answer 50

typically refers to ones ability to distinguish btwn two pts of contact with ones skin. relates to sensation.

Question 51

fixed ratio

Answer 51

reward after x number of times a behavior is displayed. ex: rat gets reward every three button presses

Question 52

variable ratio

Answer 52

reward after x number of times a behavior is displayed but the amount of performances to get a reward is constant. ex: rat gets reward every two, thein eight, four and six presses. most resistant to extinction and fastest way to learn a new behavior. fastest response rate.

Question 53

fixed interval

Answer 53

reward after a set amount of time. ex: rat presses button but only gets rewarded every 60 s regardless of if it presses it again. both this and fixed ratio often have a brief moment of no reponses after the behavior is reinforced. the rat will stop hitting th elever until it wants another pellet once its figured out what behavior is needed to get the pellet.

Question 54

variable interval

Answer 54

reward after varying time intervals. so the rat may have to wait 90 s, then 30 s, then 3 mins. once the interval elapses the next press gets the rat a pellet of food.