Blueprint/Kaplan/AAMC Orgo Flashcards
how do u make a hemiacetal
aldehyde + alcohol
which is more reactive ald or ket
ald
which is more acidic ald or ket
ald
are alkyl groups edg or ewg
edg
what is a sec butyl substituent
A sec-butyl substituent is four carbons long and the second carbon is attached to the rest of the molecule.
One way to define an oxidation is that
One way to define an oxidation is that there is an increase in carbon to nitrogen bonds.
Hydrocarbon reactivity increases as. what do db and tb cause to happen to e density. what does this mean for reactivity
Hydrocarbon reactivity increases as electron density is increased. Double bonds increase electron density and triple bonds increase it even more. So molecules with triple bonds will be more reactive than those with double bonds and those with only single bonds will be the least reactive.
tert butyl
Tert-butyl includes a single carbon attached to three methyl groups and also bound to the rest of the molecule.
what will the numbering of the carbonyl carbon be
The carbonyl carbon will always be numbered as “1”. (in carb unit)
whats an enolate
An enolate is the intermediate in keto-enol tautomerization under basic conditions, not acidic
do reversible rxns favor tdynamic or kinetic
Reversible reactions favor the thermodynamic product, since it is more stable and favored by equilibrium.
The product of a Michael addition
The product of a Michael addition is a 1,5 dicarbonyl structure.
product of an aldol condensation
An α,β-unsaturated ketone or aldehyde is the product of an aldol condensation
enolates v enols
enolate has a negative charge, enols are not charged
The molecular geometry at the site of nucleophilic addition to a carbon can be:
trigonal planar or linear
what type of rxns favor the e2 mechanism
Reactions carried out in a strongly basic environment, such as that created by tert-butoxide, strongly favor the E2 mechanism.
what do e1 reactions rely on and so what species would be likely to undergo such a rxn
Much like SN1, E1 reactions rely on the formation of a carbocation intermediate. Therefore, species that can readily form a stable carbocation are more likely to undergo an E1 reaction. In this question, the structures pictured are all primary alkyl halides except for this tert-butyl chloride, a tertiary alkyl halide.
D
Students are trying to determine by which elimination reaction mechanism two different reactions are proceeding. The rate of reaction A seems to depend only on the concentration of the substrate, while reaction B seems to depend on both the concentration of base and concentration of substrate. Can a determination be made from this information, and if so, what is it?
E1 reactions obey a unimolecular rate law (rate = k[A]) while E2 reactions obey a bimolecular rate law (rate = k[A][B]). Given that it is already known that elimination reactions are occurring, we can rather confidently assume that reaction A is proceeding through an E1 mechanism while reaction B is proceeding through an E2 mechanism
compare the acidity of phenols and alcs
phenol> alc
compare the acidity of aryls and alkyls amines
aryl> alkyl
how do u define an alcohol as primary, secondary or tertiary
Alcohols are defined as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of alkyl groups on the carbon bonded to the OH. In this image, the alcohol group is attached to a carbon which is bonded to two other methyl groups, making it secondary
how to name with an alc and an amine group
alc is higher priotiry, so the name should end in “ol”
enantiomers are
optically active
can you directly draw a fischer from a chair
its better to make it a haworth first
do racemic mixes rotate plane polarized light
no
hnrna
mrna that hasnt undergone transcriptional modifications. its also called pre mrna
what kind of products does elim make
multiple prods that are structural isomers
what kind of prods does sub make
prods that are stereoisomers
in what order are amino acids made
N to C terminus
imide
2 acyl groups bound to nitrogen
amide
c(o)nr2
primary amine
nitrogen bound to one sub
tert amine
nitrogen bound to 2 sub
what do impurities do to mp range
impurities lowers and broadens the range
heterocycle
a ring of atoms of more than one kind
what on glucose marks it as a reducing sugar? can it undergo mutarotation
hemiacetal on gluc marks it as a reducing sugar also it can undergo mutarotation
why does hyperventilating decrease blood co2 conc
its excessive exhalation
dsdna
double stranded dna
best colvents for sn1 and sn2
The SN2 Is Favored By Polar Aprotic Solvents. The SN1 Tends To Proceed In Polar Protic Solvents
best solvents for e1 and e2
e1 and e2= polar protic
polar protic solvent
Polar Protic solvents are polar solvents that have at least 1 hydrogen that is connected directly to a particular electronegative atom such as O-H, N-H, etc., and are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with the solute. (water, methanol, acetic acid)
polar aprotic solvent
A polar aprotic solvent is a solvent that doesn’t have an acidic proton and is polar. Such solvents lack hydroxyl and amine groups. In contrast to protic solvents, these solvents do not serve as proton donors in hydrogen bonding, although they can be proton acceptors. (acetone, ethers, chloroform)
