BP/Kaplan/AAMC Gen Chem and Spectroscopy

Question 1

what type of bonding interactions do the most ideal gases experience

Answer 1

The most ideal gases are those that experience the weakest intermolecular forces. HF has a polar bond.

Question 2

do ideal GASES have volume

Answer 2

YES

Question 3

do the PARTICLES of ideal gases have volume

Answer 3

NO

Question 4

approx 3300 on an IR spectrum

Answer 4

OH. broad

Question 5

approx 1700 on IR

Answer 5

C=O. sharp

Question 6

less than 1500 on IR apectrum

Answer 6

fingerprint- no specific peaks that corr to spec fxnal groups

Question 7

C=N on IR

Answer 7

1550-1650

Question 8

IR spectrum quick cheat

Answer 8

single are highest, double lowest, triple bond middle

Question 9

c=c

Answer 9

1600-1680

Question 10

see chart in ur pics= do we need to memorize all of these??

Answer 10

??

Question 11

on the mass spectru, whats the tallest peak?

Answer 11

The tallest peak on the spectrum represents the most commonly generated ion. In this case, the tallest peak is also the peak with the highest m/z ratio, which is the molecular ion.

Question 12

which is the m+ ion? what does this have and what does this mean

Answer 12

The M+ ion (also called the molecular ion or the parent ion) is the ion that has the same mass as the original compound but carriers a +1 charge. It is always the peak with the highest m/z ratio on the mass spectrum, excluding very minute peaks located around it that represent isotopes. meainig its right most- highest x axis value

Question 13

does nmr measure the alignment of nuclei along and against an external magnetic field

Answer 13

NMR measures resonance, which refers to the frequency with which nuclei transition between being aligned along an external magnetic field and being aligned against it. Resonance frequencies correspond to chemical shifts that are plotted on the NMR spectrum.

Question 14

would bromine easily absorb UV radiation

Answer 14

Yes. UV radiation excites nonbonding electrons, such as lone pairs, and electrons involved in pi bonding. Since bromine contains many lone pairs, it can absorb UV light.

Question 15

which is the base peak on mass spec

Answer 15

The base peak is the tallest peak on the spectrum.

Question 16

n-h on ir spectra

Answer 16

3300-3500, sharp. i think these peaks start at that starting no.:?

Question 17

deshielded aldehyde on a hnmr

Answer 17

9-10 ppm

Question 18

even more deshielded carboxylic acid on hnmr

Answer 18

10.5 -12 ppm

Question 19

hydrogen of an aromatic ring on hnmr

Answer 19

6-8.5 ppm

Question 20

general ranges of hydrogens on sp3 hybrizied carbons on hnmr

Answer 20

0-3 ppm, higher if e withdrawing groups are present

Question 21

sp2 hybridized carbons on hnmr

Answer 21

4.6-6 ppm

Question 22

sp hybrizide carbons on hnmr

Answer 22

2-3 ppm. when electroneg groups r present, they pull e density away from protons. the more e density pulled away from the proton, the more deshielded it will be and the further downfield the proton will appear

Question 23

if a uv spectrum absorbs at three diff wavelengths that means

Answer 23

The base peak is the tallest peak on the spectrum.

Question 24

How is rate related to the order of the rxn and give an example

Answer 24

in this case, rate is unaffected when the concentration of B is changed, but the reaction rate changes proportionally to [A]2. Thus, the reaction is 2nd order overall.

Question 25

What are the units for a zero order rxn

Answer 25

The best way to remember this for the MCAT is to remember that zero order is M/s. Then, divide by M every time you increase the order by 1.

Question 26

Compare homogenous catalysts to reactants in terms f phase

Answer 26

Homogeneous catalysts are in the same phase as the reactants.

Question 27

mjemorize the structure of glucose

Answer 27

kk

Question 28

True or False: Since the reaction arrow is coming from the left, the α-anomer must be formed.

Answer 28

false. Due to the planar geometry of the carbonyl carbon, either anomer can form.

Question 29

what is beta - and beta + and what do each do to the atomic number

Answer 29

beta minus- 0,-1 and plus is 0 and +1. minus INCREASES the atomic number and plus DECREASES it

Question 30

precipitation occurs when

Answer 30

Q>Ksp

Question 31

current assoc w ncv can b found by

Answer 31

dividing pot change by axon resistance which is the resistance per unit length/L

Question 32

Addition of which disaccharide to a solution of Ag2O in NH3(aq) will NOT result in the deposition of shiny silver mirror on the walls of the reaction vessel?

Answer 32

it has to be the one that does not form a hemiacetal that can be ring opened to form an aldehyde

Question 33

- y int on a LB plot is

Answer 33

1/vmax

Question 34

purpose of doppler effect in ultrasound

Answer 34

doppler effect in ultrasound is used to create images. it relates the frequency of the u wave as detected by a moving detector to the wave frequency when the source is not moving, the speed of it and the speed of the detector. you dont need the speed of the moving object and wavelengths

Question 35

relationship between resistance, temp and current

Answer 35

resistance goes down when temp goes up. resistance is directly prop to temp so current should decrease

Question 36

coA has

Answer 36

AMP and pantothenate i think

Question 37

how to pick a good buffer

Answer 37

buffer shld have a pka within 1 unit of the desired conds/ph

Question 38

are reaction rates temperature dep or indep

Answer 38

dep. also concentration dep

Question 39

true or false- enzymes favor product formation

Answer 39

FALSE- equal amounts of rxns and prods are made w enzymes

Question 40

where can oxidation or reducing agents be

Answer 40

only in the reactant not the products

Question 41

As increasing amounts of NaCl are added to water:

Answer 41

boiling point will increase, melting point will decrease, and vapor pressure will decrease.

Question 42

Orbital geometry is also known as

Answer 42

electron domain geometry.

Question 43

Which of the following describes the orbital geometry of an sp3 hybridized atom?

Answer 43

tetrahedral. Which of the following describes the orbital geometry of an sp3 hybridized atom?Hybridization is based on the number of electron domains surrounding an atom. An sp3-hybridized atom, such as C in CH4 or N in :NH3, mixes the s and p subshells (one s and three p orbitals) to form four equivalent orbitals. Four equivalent orbitals point at the vertices of a tetrahedron.

Question 44

Approximately how many moles of Al3+ are reduced when 0.1 faraday of charge passes through a cell during the production of Al? (Note: Assume there is excess Al3+ available and that Al3+ is reduced to Al metal only.)

Answer 44

A faraday is equal to one mole of electric charge. Because each aluminum ion gains 3 electrons, 0.1 faraday of charge will reduce 0.1/3 moles of aluminum, or 0.033 moles of aluminum.

Question 45

Which of the following substances is most likely to be more soluble in 1.0 M HCl than in 1.0 M NaOH? _

Answer 45

When an ionic substance dissolves, it dissociates into its constituent ions. The solubility of any substance whose anion is basic will be increased in solutions of low pH, as the basic anion reacts with the H+ in solution and is drawn out of the equilibrium. As the basic anion is consumed, the dissolution reaction is driven to the right by Le Chatelier’s principle. Of the substances given as choices, Pb(OH)2 has the most basic anion, OH-. Thus it is most likely to show increased solubility in an HCl solution. Answer choice B is the best choice.

Question 46

what is the requirement to be a reducing sugar?

Answer 46

The C1 is the anomeric carbon and a disaccharide that has a C1 carbon that is not involved in a glycosidic bond is said to have a hemiacetal end.

Question 47

uv rad is what and what than visible light or ir radiation

Answer 47

higher energy, higher freq emr

Question 48

+h and -s

Answer 48

nonspont at all temps

Question 49

+h and +s

Answer 49

spont at temps t>h/s

Question 50

-h and -s

Answer 50

spont at temps t

Question 51

-h and +s

Answer 51

spont at all temps

Question 52

what type of transport does dynein do? kinesin?

Answer 52

dynein- retrograde kinesin- anterograde retrograde- mvmt towards cell center anterograde- movement toward the synapse is called anterograde transport.

Question 53

azimuthal quantum number

Answer 53

approx geo shape of the orbital l

Question 54

principal quantum number

Answer 54

pot en of the e (n) and approx radial size of an e cloud

Question 55

is ksp affected by conc? when does ksp change

Answer 55

ksp isnt affected by conc. no eq constant is. ksp only changes by chaning temp

Question 56

when would there be h bond deshielding

Answer 56

there will b h bonds bc of a helix structure. if h bonds are there the e density around h atoms bound to n will lessen. deshielding effect leads to downfield shifts for nh proton resonances due to lower e density

Question 57

const isomers

Answer 57

const have the same mol formula but differ in connectivity

Question 58

isolated v closed system

Answer 58

isolated doesnt exchange enrgy or mass with surroudings. closed exch energy but not mass

Question 59

open system

Answer 59

exch both mass and energy w surroundings

Question 60

reducing ketone groups creates

Answer 60

alcs

Question 61

oxidizing aldehydes makes

Answer 61

carbox acids

Question 62

oxidizing primary alcs makes

Answer 62

alds

Question 63

sp3 and sp2 hybridization

Answer 63

sp3= 4 things incl lp and sp2= 3 things incl lp

Question 64

what is an arrhenius base and what is a lewis acid

Answer 64

. a arrhenius base release oh ions and a lewis acid is a lone electron pair acceptor

Question 65

steps of a claisen condensation

Answer 65

step 1- alpha rpotn is removed and enolate anion is made and stabilized by e deloc. step 2- carbonyl carbon of other ester is attacked by enoalate anion. steap 3- alklxy group is elim and alkoxide removes newly formed double a proton to make a new res stab enolate anion. acid is added and u get a b keto ester or b di ketone

Question 66

when does positive beta decay occur and what type of answer choice do we need

Answer 66

it occurs when the proton to neutron ratio is too high. so we want the highest proton to neutraon ratio (closest to 1:1 or 1:1)

Question 67

describe youngs modulus in stress v strain

Answer 67

the higher the youngs modulus the stiffer the solid material. it is a mesure of the stiffness of an elastic solid material. so in a graph, the stiffest is the line w the highest slope

Question 68

chaotropic agent

Answer 68

any molecule in an aq soln that can disrupt h bonding network incl the bonds btwn water mols. they can denature proteins by disrupting the h bonds that stabilize their configs

Question 69

which residues are more criitcal for overall protein structure

Answer 69

inner/core

Question 70

relationship between oxygen in air and hematocrit

Answer 70

less ox in the air means higher hematocrit. they will make more rbc bc theres less oxygen. kidney reads ox levels and makes erythropoetin which increases hematocrit

Question 71

hydrogen bond acceptor and donors

Answer 71

Adenine contains 1 donor and 1 acceptor, thymine contains 1 donor and 1 acceptor, guanine contains 2 donors and 1 acceptor, and cytosine contains 1 donor and 2 acceptors.