BP/Kaplan/AAMC Gen Chem and Spectroscopy Flashcards
what type of bonding interactions do the most ideal gases experience
The most ideal gases are those that experience the weakest intermolecular forces. HF has a polar bond.
do ideal GASES have volume
YES
do the PARTICLES of ideal gases have volume
NO
approx 3300 on an IR spectrum
OH. broad
approx 1700 on IR
C=O. sharp
less than 1500 on IR apectrum
fingerprint- no specific peaks that corr to spec fxnal groups
C=N on IR
1550-1650
IR spectrum quick cheat
single are highest, double lowest, triple bond middle
c=c
1600-1680
see chart in ur pics= do we need to memorize all of these??
??
on the mass spectru, whats the tallest peak?
The tallest peak on the spectrum represents the most commonly generated ion. In this case, the tallest peak is also the peak with the highest m/z ratio, which is the molecular ion.
which is the m+ ion? what does this have and what does this mean
The M+ ion (also called the molecular ion or the parent ion) is the ion that has the same mass as the original compound but carriers a +1 charge. It is always the peak with the highest m/z ratio on the mass spectrum, excluding very minute peaks located around it that represent isotopes. meainig its right most- highest x axis value
does nmr measure the alignment of nuclei along and against an external magnetic field
NMR measures resonance, which refers to the frequency with which nuclei transition between being aligned along an external magnetic field and being aligned against it. Resonance frequencies correspond to chemical shifts that are plotted on the NMR spectrum.
would bromine easily absorb UV radiation
Yes. UV radiation excites nonbonding electrons, such as lone pairs, and electrons involved in pi bonding. Since bromine contains many lone pairs, it can absorb UV light.
which is the base peak on mass spec
The base peak is the tallest peak on the spectrum.
n-h on ir spectra
3300-3500, sharp. i think these peaks start at that starting no.:?
deshielded aldehyde on a hnmr
9-10 ppm
even more deshielded carboxylic acid on hnmr
10.5 -12 ppm
hydrogen of an aromatic ring on hnmr
6-8.5 ppm
general ranges of hydrogens on sp3 hybrizied carbons on hnmr
0-3 ppm, higher if e withdrawing groups are present
sp2 hybridized carbons on hnmr
4.6-6 ppm
sp hybrizide carbons on hnmr
2-3 ppm. when electroneg groups r present, they pull e density away from protons. the more e density pulled away from the proton, the more deshielded it will be and the further downfield the proton will appear
if a uv spectrum absorbs at three diff wavelengths that means
The base peak is the tallest peak on the spectrum.
How is rate related to the order of the rxn and give an example
in this case, rate is unaffected when the concentration of B is changed, but the reaction rate changes proportionally to [A]2. Thus, the reaction is 2nd order overall.
What are the units for a zero order rxn
The best way to remember this for the MCAT is to remember that zero order is M/s. Then, divide by M every time you increase the order by 1.
Compare homogenous catalysts to reactants in terms f phase
Homogeneous catalysts are in the same phase as the reactants.
mjemorize the structure of glucose
kk
True or False: Since the reaction arrow is coming from the left, the α-anomer must be formed.
false. Due to the planar geometry of the carbonyl carbon, either anomer can form.
what is beta - and beta + and what do each do to the atomic number
beta minus- 0,-1 and plus is 0 and +1. minus INCREASES the atomic number and plus DECREASES it
precipitation occurs when
Q>Ksp
current assoc w ncv can b found by
dividing pot change by axon resistance which is the resistance per unit length/L
Addition of which disaccharide to a solution of Ag2O in NH3(aq) will NOT result in the deposition of shiny silver mirror on the walls of the reaction vessel?
it has to be the one that does not form a hemiacetal that can be ring opened to form an aldehyde
- y int on a LB plot is
1/vmax
purpose of doppler effect in ultrasound
doppler effect in ultrasound is used to create images. it relates the frequency of the u wave as detected by a moving detector to the wave frequency when the source is not moving, the speed of it and the speed of the detector. you dont need the speed of the moving object and wavelengths
relationship between resistance, temp and current
resistance goes down when temp goes up. resistance is directly prop to temp so current should decrease
coA has
AMP and pantothenate i think
how to pick a good buffer
buffer shld have a pka within 1 unit of the desired conds/ph
are reaction rates temperature dep or indep
dep. also concentration dep
true or false- enzymes favor product formation
FALSE- equal amounts of rxns and prods are made w enzymes
where can oxidation or reducing agents be
only in the reactant not the products
As increasing amounts of NaCl are added to water:
boiling point will increase, melting point will decrease, and vapor pressure will decrease.
Orbital geometry is also known as
electron domain geometry.
Which of the following describes the orbital geometry of an sp3 hybridized atom?
tetrahedral. Which of the following describes the orbital geometry of an sp3 hybridized atom?Hybridization is based on the number of electron domains surrounding an atom. An sp3-hybridized atom, such as C in CH4 or N in :NH3, mixes the s and p subshells (one s and three p orbitals) to form four equivalent orbitals. Four equivalent orbitals point at the vertices of a tetrahedron.
Approximately how many moles of Al3+ are reduced when 0.1 faraday of charge passes through a cell during the production of Al? (Note: Assume there is excess Al3+ available and that Al3+ is reduced to Al metal only.)
A faraday is equal to one mole of electric charge. Because each aluminum ion gains 3 electrons, 0.1 faraday of charge will reduce 0.1/3 moles of aluminum, or 0.033 moles of aluminum.
Which of the following substances is most likely to be more soluble in 1.0 M HCl than in 1.0 M NaOH?
_
When an ionic substance dissolves, it dissociates into its constituent ions. The solubility of any substance whose anion is basic will be increased in solutions of low pH, as the basic anion reacts with the H+ in solution and is drawn out of the equilibrium. As the basic anion is consumed, the dissolution reaction is driven to the right by Le Chatelier’s principle. Of the substances given as choices, Pb(OH)2 has the most basic anion, OH-. Thus it is most likely to show increased solubility in an HCl solution. Answer choice B is the best choice.
what is the requirement to be a reducing sugar?
The C1 is the anomeric carbon and a disaccharide that has a C1 carbon that is not involved in a glycosidic bond is said to have a hemiacetal end.
uv rad is what and what than visible light or ir radiation
higher energy, higher freq emr
+h and -s
nonspont at all temps
+h and +s
spont at temps t>h/s
-h and -s
spont at temps t<h/s
-h and +s
spont at all temps
what type of transport does dynein do? kinesin?
dynein- retrograde
kinesin- anterograde
retrograde- mvmt towards cell center
anterograde- movement toward the synapse is called anterograde transport.
azimuthal quantum number
approx geo shape of the orbital l
principal quantum number
pot en of the e (n) and approx radial size of an e cloud
is ksp affected by conc? when does ksp change
ksp isnt affected by conc. no eq constant is. ksp only changes by chaning temp
when would there be h bond deshielding
there will b h bonds bc of a helix structure. if h bonds are there the e density around h atoms bound to n will lessen. deshielding effect leads to downfield shifts for nh proton resonances due to lower e density
const isomers
const have the same mol formula but differ in connectivity
isolated v closed system
isolated doesnt exchange enrgy or mass with surroudings. closed exch energy but not mass
open system
exch both mass and energy w surroundings
reducing ketone groups creates
alcs
oxidizing aldehydes makes
carbox acids
oxidizing primary alcs makes
alds
sp3 and sp2 hybridization
sp3= 4 things incl lp and sp2= 3 things incl lp
what is an arrhenius base and what is a lewis acid
. a arrhenius base release oh ions and a lewis acid is a lone electron pair acceptor
steps of a claisen condensation
step 1- alpha rpotn is removed and enolate anion is made and stabilized by e deloc. step 2- carbonyl carbon of other ester is attacked by enoalate anion. steap 3- alklxy group is elim and alkoxide removes newly formed double a proton to make a new res stab enolate anion. acid is added and u get a b keto ester or b di ketone
when does positive beta decay occur and what type of answer choice do we need
it occurs when the proton to neutron ratio is too high. so we want the highest proton to neutraon ratio (closest to 1:1 or 1:1)
describe youngs modulus in stress v strain
the higher the youngs modulus the stiffer the solid material. it is a mesure of the stiffness of an elastic solid material. so in a graph, the stiffest is the line w the highest slope
chaotropic agent
any molecule in an aq soln that can disrupt h bonding network incl the bonds btwn water mols. they can denature proteins by disrupting the h bonds that stabilize their configs
which residues are more criitcal for overall protein structure
inner/core
relationship between oxygen in air and hematocrit
less ox in the air means higher hematocrit. they will make more rbc bc theres less oxygen. kidney reads ox levels and makes erythropoetin which increases hematocrit
hydrogen bond acceptor and donors
Adenine contains 1 donor and 1 acceptor, thymine contains 1 donor and 1 acceptor, guanine contains 2 donors and 1 acceptor, and cytosine contains 1 donor and 2 acceptors.
