BP/Kaplan/AAMC P/S Flashcards
can smth b both normative and informational influence
yes
strain theory suggests that
when individuals are pushed to achieve socially acceptable goals (such as achieving straight A’s), but have only socially unacceptable means of achieving those goals (such as cheating), they may become deviant, as in John’s case.
could showing ppl an image of others enjoying a product induce them to want to buy it? how?
One way that the image of multiple people using a product might induce someone to purchase that product is through the influence of conformity.
mind guard
Certain group members filter out information that conflicts with majority group beliefs.
collective rationalization
False beliefs lead a group to take extreme risk or ignore warnings.
two reasons for group polarization
informative and normative influence
irvng janis’ eight specific factors indicating groupthink
collective rationalization, excessive stereotyping, illusion of invulnerability, illusion of morality, illusion of unamity, mindguards, pressure on dissenters and self censorship
does groupthink consider outside opinions
no
primary socialization
we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in society from other ppl
secondary socialization
we further refine what we learned in primary socialization and also focus on learning how to behave in diff settings
anticipatory socialization
learning how to behave in anticipation of changes in living situations, jobs, relationships
resocialization
the process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones
social control
mechanism for regulating the behaviors of individuals and groups
agent of socialization
any agent that is important for learning social norms and values like parents, friends, teachers, etc. also the environment
self selection bias
bias where ppl select themselves into a group
what waves appear on an eeg when awake
A person who is fully awake will display beta waves on an EEG.
beta waves
Beta waves, which are present when someone is fully awake, are characterized by high-frequency, low-amplitude waveforms.
alpha waves
Alpha waves are emitted when an individual is drowsy or about to enter a light sleep.
are beta or alpha waves synchronous
Unlike alpha waves, beta waves are not synchronous.
mdma promotes the relase of
MDMA promotes the release of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
what do hallucinogens affect
Hallucinogens impact serotonin levels, and some of the resulting effects mimic sympathetic nervous system arousal.
mesolimbic pathway includes
nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, olfactory tubule, median forebrain tubukle
Activation-synthesis theory
holds that dream content is caused by neural activation.
Cognitive dream theory
posits that dreams represent conceptions of self and others that play out in somewhat random order in the sleeper’s brain.
Problem-solving dream theory
holds that our brain attempts to solve problems while dreaming without being fully limited by reality-based constraints.
what type of waves are seen in stage 2 sleep? what else does stage 2 mark the appearance of and define these
Although Stage 2 sleep is characterized by diminished theta wave activity, theta waves are still observed at this stage. Additionally, Stage 2 marks the appearance of K-complexes, which occur infrequently but exhibit high amplitudes when observed. During Stage 2, K-complexes are typically followed by sleep spindles, or sporadic clumps of high-frequency, medium-amplitude waves.
continuity
Continuity is a Gestalt principle that suggests that when we see visual information arranged in a continuous row or line, such as a row of football players, we will perceive the footballers as a “line” instead of individual people.
proximity
Proximity suggests that objects which are closer together in our visual field are perceived as together, sometimes even perceived as the same object or belonging to a greater whole.
pragnanz
Pragnanz suggests that when we see an image with lots of complex details, we simplify it to the smallest and simplest image possible. For example, seeing the Olympic logo instead of 5 individual rings.
closure
Closure suggests that when we see only a small part of an image, our brain can finish filling in the rest of the image. In the example of a face, we have prior models about what a prototypical face looks like, and after having received some information about how part of a face looks (e.g. the eyes and nose) we can fill in where the rest of the details are in the image (e.g. we can imagine the mouth and ears).
gestalt are
top down
true or false- just noticeable diff is always a percent
fal;se
How is they type of stimulus determined in the body?
The type of stimulus is determined by the type of receptor which was activated, as receptors discriminate against the type of stimulus which activates them.
which comes first in the PNS- signal or consc awareness?
first you get the signal in the pns then concsou7s awareness
example of psychphysical testing.
Testing whether or not a person can tell the difference in stimulus intensity (detecting the just noticeable difference in stimulus intensity) is an example of psychophysical testing.
multitasking involves
SEQUENTIAL ATTN
what comes first in broadbents model
PROCE3SSING!!!!!!! NOT THE BUFFER
he dual-coding effect i
the dual-coding effect is the idea that the brain uses both visual and auditory cues to process and store information
is thiamine used for alzheimers
Thiamine is considered a treatment option for Korsakoff’s syndrome, not Alzheimer’s.
alz v korsakoff- which has a better understood cause
korsakoff
is schema and source monitoring related to encoding
no- schema is not and SM is more related to recall
encoding
occurs before storage and mem formation. it transforms sensory input into an actionable object
first line of SZ defense
Neuroleptics are dopamine antagonists with cognitive side-effects. They are the primary first-line treatment used against schizophrenia, although second-generation antipsychotics such as clozapine have also been shown to be effective.
depressive disorders symptoms
sadness+ SIG E. CAPS for 2 weeks. u need 5/9 symps. sleep, interest (loss of), guilt, energy (lower), concentration (decrease), appetite (pronounced change), psychomotor symptoms, suicidal thoughts
bipolar symptoms
DIG FAST: distractibility, irresponsibility, grandiosity, flight of thoughts, activity or agitation, sleep, talkative.
bipolar 1 v bipolar 2
bipolar 1: with manic episodes. depressive episodes are not required with 2, u need a major depressive and a hypomanic but not manic
cyclothymic
presence of both manic and depressive that are not severe enough to be considered episodes
parallel processing
in which we integrate all of the different features of an object simultaneously.
when is peripheral vision best and why
Peripheral vision is best for seeing dimly-lit objects at night, as the periphery of the retina has a denser rod distribution.
describe the shape and thickness of the basilar membrane of the ear. what is responded to here? what is it close to. is it wider or narrower, or thicker or thinner than, its apex? which is further away from the oval window, the basilar or the apex? what is responded to at the oval window. what is this phenomenon known as and what does it allow the brain to infer info abt?
1)The base of the basilar membrane is narrow and thick –
2) this is where it responds to high-frequency vibrations.
3)It is also close to the oval window that connects the middle and inner ears.
4)The basilar membrane is wider and thinner closer to its apex, 5)which is further away from the oval window.
6) Here, it responds to low-frequency vibrations.
7) This phenomenon, called place theory, allows the brain to infer information about the pitch of a sound based on which hair cells send signals.
how is the ear divided? what is in the outer ear? what else can it be called? what does the auricle do? what is the eardrum and what does it do?
1)The ear is divided into the outer ear (external ear), the middle ear, and the inner ear.
2)The outer ear consists of the external structures of the ear, and
3)is also called the pinna or auricle, and the external auditory canal.
4) This auricle funnels incoming sound waves into the external auditory canal, which is basically a tube that extends inward to the eardrum.
5)The eardrum, or the tympanic membrane, is the dividing point between the outer ear and the middle ear. The tympanic membrane vibrates in response to sound waves, like a drum.
where are ossicles and what do they do? what do they connect to and what is this boundary for? what is the cochlea responsible for and where is it? what is it shaped like?
1)In the middle ear, tiny bones called ossicles amplify the vibrations of the tympanic membrane.
2)They connect to a membrane called the oval window, which is the boundary between the middle ear and the inner ear.
3)In the inner ear, the cochlea is the structure that is responsible for hearing.
4)It is spiral-shaped and is divided into three layers, sometimes referred to as scalae.
what happens when sound waves cause hair cells to move? what does this trigger
When sound waves cause hair cells to move, ion channels open up that let small, positively-charged ions flow into the cell. This triggers an influx of calcium ions through voltage-gated calcium channels, and this calcium influx then causes the release of neurotransmitters at the other end of the cell, beginning neural transmission.
According to exchange mobility theorists, what would be the expected consequence of a group of people in the middle class finding success and moving into the upper class?
that same number of people would go to middle from upper. According to the theory of exchange mobility, whenever a group of people moves from one class to another, the second group of people will transition into that class. It’s important to note that the second group needs to be transitioning from the class that the first group is transitioning into.
is diet a demographic factor
no
how to calculate prevalence
the total number of cases/ possibly affected population. ex: 20 ppl diagnosed w prostate cancer and 10 new ppl in a sample of 500 men and 500 women means prevalence is 30/500
