OxPhos

Question 1

Most proteins in the mitochondria are encoded in the

Answer 1

Nucleus

Question 2

Coenzyme Q is also

Answer 2

Ubiquinone

Question 3

What is CoQ

Answer 3

Lipid soluble electron carrier

Question 4

What does CoQ transport electrons to

Answer 4

From complex I and II to Complex III

Question 5

What process is glucose to pyruvate

Answer 5

Glycolysis
Anaerobic

Question 6

What does glycolysis yield

Answer 6

1 glucose makes 2 pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH

Question 7

What is impermeable to protons

Answer 7

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 8

complex I

Answer 8

NAD/COQ oxidoreductase

Question 9

complex II

Answer 9

succinate dehydrogenase

Question 10

Complex III

Answer 10

Cytochrome complex

Question 11

Complex IV

Answer 11

Cytochrome oxidase

Question 12

What makes the final 2 H2O

Answer 12

4 H+, 4 e-, 2 O2 molecules

Question 13

What happens to the energy when electrons pass through the complexes

Answer 13

Energy drop of 16 kcal

Question 14

Which part of the mitochondria is more acidic (lower pH)

Answer 14

Intermembrane space and cytosol because there’s more H+

Question 15

Where is the F1 of ATP synthase

Answer 15

Mitochondrial matrix

Question 16

What is F1

Answer 16

Headpiece in matrix that contains 3 ab-subunits
Each b- contains a catalytic site for enzyme

Question 17

Where is F0

Answer 17

In inner membrane/facing intermembrane space outside

Question 18

What is F0

Answer 18

Rotor that is attached to central shaft
12 C subunits

Question 19

Each C subunit contains

Answer 19

Glutamyl carboxyl
carboxyl accepts proton from intermembrane space and releases one into the matrix

Question 20

ATP is dependent on

Answer 20

H+ coming out of motor and how shaft releases an ATP

Question 21

How many TOTAL ATP is produced from one molecule of glucose

Answer 21

Net 4ATP, 10 NADH (2-3 ATP per NADH) , 2 FADH2 (1.5 to 2 per FADH2)

= 27 to 38 ATP

Question 22

Cell doesn’t need energy

Answer 22

ATP builds up
ADP, AMP go down
NADH goes up

Question 23

Cell needs energy

Answer 23

ADP increases
NADH decreases

Question 24

What does high NADH do

Answer 24

Inhibits TCA enzymes

Question 25

What is CoQ made of

Answer 25

A quinone with lipophilic chain

Question 26

Semiquinone is

Answer 26

Site for generation of ROS A CoQ with an OH group (reduced form)

Question 27

Heme A is found in

Answer 27

Cytochrome a and a3

Question 28

Cytochromes contain

Answer 28

Heme and iron in the middle

Question 29

What enzyme reduces O2 to H2O

Answer 29

Cytochrome C oxidase

Question 30

What in the cytochrome C oxidase complex collects 4 H+ to reduce O2 to H2O

Answer 30

Cu2+

Question 31

Rotenone is in

Answer 31

pesticides

Question 32

Oligmocycin is a ____ inhibitor

Answer 32

Transmembrane

Question 33

Dinitrophenol does what

Answer 33

Dissipates proton gradient

Question 34

How does Cyanide inhibit complex IV

Answer 34

Binds to Fe in heme and prevents electrons from going to O2

Question 35

Cyanide is released during

Answer 35

Metabolism by gut microbes of amygdalin

Question 36

What is amygdalin present in

Answer 36

Almonds, cherries, apricots

Question 37

Cyanide is in high concentrations in

Answer 37

Smoke from cyanide buildings

Question 38

Atractyloside

Answer 38

Inhibits ANT which puts ADP in mitochondria and takes ATP out (1:1 ratio Reduces ADP

Question 39

Oligomycin

Answer 39

Inhibits proton flow through F0 of ATP synthase STOPS oxygen consumptions without affecting complexes

Question 40

Dinitrophenol

Answer 40

An uncoupler Dissipates proton gradient Increases permeability of membrane

Question 41

Valinomycin

Answer 41

Facilitates K+ transfer across membrane Ionophore

Question 42

Malonate

Answer 42

Competitive inhibitor of Complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) Binds to active site of complex II without reacting

Question 43

The use of protons to phosphorylate ADP into ATP does what

Answer 43

Decreases proton gradient ETC pumps more protons, o2 is reduces to H2O

Question 44

What happens after NADH donates electrons to ETC

Answer 44

NAD+ is regenerated and returns to TCA

Question 45

What are proton ionophores

Answer 45

Lipid soluble compounds rapidly transport H+ from cytosol to inside mitochondria

Question 46

Cold stimulates the release of

Answer 46

Norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings

Question 47

How does brown fat thermogenesis work

Answer 47

Cold stimulates norepinephrine Lipase releases fatty acids for TCA Thermogenin (UCP1) is activated by FA and protons are brought into matric

Question 48

End result of brown fat thermogenesis

Answer 48

Thermogenin stimulates ETC which increases NADH/FADH and produces more heat

Question 49

Outer membrane of mitochondria contains

Answer 49

Voltage dependent anion channels

Question 50

VDACs are formed by

Answer 50

Porins Voltage dependent anion chaneels Let ions diffuse

Question 51

Conformation of ANT is regulated by

Answer 51

Cyclophilin D and Ca2+

Question 52

Changing ANT to open pore is activated by

Answer 52

Ca2+ Depletion of adenine nucleotides ROS

Question 53

Changing ANT to closed pore is done by

Answer 53

Proton gradient Cytosolic ATP Low cytosolic pH

Question 54

What does an uncoupler do

Answer 54

Increases oxygen consumption of cells Releases heat, temperature raise

Question 55

If an uncoupler (DNP) is added to oligomycin, what happens

Answer 55

O2 restores and resumes

Question 56

What happens if cytochrome C leaves the mitochondria and is in cytoplasm?

Answer 56

Signals a cascade for apoptosis

Question 57

What does DNP do to body

Answer 57

Increases heat, hyperthermia

Question 58

A higher slope means

Answer 58

DNP, increased oxygen consumption

Question 59

What does ANT do

Answer 59

Brings ADP into matrix Moves ATP out of matrix

Question 60

What decreases oxygen

Answer 60

Oligomyocin Cyanide CO